Fabrication and characterization of electrospun porous cellulose acetate nanofibrous mats incorporated with capric acid as form-stable phase change materials for storing/retrieving thermal energy

Electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibrous mats incorporated with capric acid was studied to fabricate form-stable phase change materials (PCMs) for storing/retrieving thermal energy. Electrospun CA nanofibrous mats with different porous structures and specific surface areas were firstly prepared through regulating the volume ratio of mixture solvent of acetone/dichloromethane (DCM). Effects of different volume ratio of mixture solvent and mat thickness on the morphological structure, specific surface area, and absorption capacity of CA nanofibrous mats were systematically investigated. The results indicated that CA nanofibrous mats were highly porous on the surface; hence, they were capable of absorbing a large amount of capric acid. The maximum absorption capacity of CA mats via electrospinning with volume ratio of acetone/DCM being 5/5 was ~95.8 wt%, due to its higher specific surface area of ~17.1 m²/g. The specific surface area and capric acid absorption capacity of CA nanofibrous mats increased with the increases of mat thickness. As the thickness of nanofibrous mats increased from 10 to 85 μm, the corresponding specific surface area and capric acid absorption capacity of mats increased respectively from 7.2 to 29.0 m²/g and 92.1 to 98.5%. Morphological structures, as well as the properties of thermal energy storage and thermal insulation of the fabricated form-stable PCMs, were studied by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and measurement of freezing times, respectively. The results indicated that the resulting form-stable PCMs could well maintain their phase transition characteristics and demonstrated great thermal energy storage capability and temperature regulation ability.     

The dissipation and risk assessment of 2,4-D sodium,a preharvest anti-fruit-drop plant hormone in bayberries

Preharvest fruit-drop is a challenge to bayberry production. 2,4-D sodium as a commonly used anti-fruit-drop hormone on bayberry can reduce the yield loss caused by preharvest fruit-drop. The persistence and risk assessment of 2,4-D sodium after applying on bayberries were investigated. A method for determining 2,4-D sodium in bayberry was established based on LC-MS-MS. The average recoveries of 2,4-D sodium were at the range of 93.7–95.8% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.9 to 2.8%. The dissipation rates of 2,4-D sodium were described using first-order kinetics, and its half-life ranged from 11.2 to 13.8 days. A bayberry consumption survey was carried out for Chinese adults for the first time. The safety assessments of 2,4-D sodium were conducted by using field trail data as well as monitoring data. Results showed that the chronic risk quotient and the acute risk quotient were calculated to be 0.23–0.59 and 0.02–0.05%, respectively, for Chinese adults, indicating low dietary risk for adults and children. In the end, the household cleaning steps were compared, and results showed that water rinsing for 1 min can remove 49.9% 2,4-D sodium residue, which provides pesticide removal suggestion for consumers.

     

安康水库分级超蓄的洪水资源化方法及其风险

汛限水位动态控制是水库洪水资源化的一种重要策略,其核心是在合理权衡风险和效益这一对矛盾的基础上确定可行的水库超汛限水位调度方案。为实现相对较大效益的同时降低水库防洪风险,考虑利用流域降雨预报信息,采用预泄能力约束法,以不同的降雨预报量级为依据,提出分级超蓄的洪水资源化方法,并结合安康水库实例,求得其基于 24 h 小雨和无雨预报的分级超蓄上限分别为326 m和 328 m。通过风险分析得知：在不考虑降雨预报信息的情况下,水库超蓄上限不宜超过 327.5 m;而依据 24 h 降雨预报信息的水库超蓄风险小到可以忽略。最后,应用该超蓄方案对实际洪水进行调度,实现了在减少弃水量069亿m3的同时,增加发电收入约361万元人民币.     

应用分散剂控制水面溢油污染的环境影响分析及建议

喷洒分散剂是一种广泛采用的水面事故性溢油应急措施.在分析了分散剂分散效果及其影响因素、分散剂的毒性及其生态环境影响、不同国家对于分散剂的使用及管理规定和中国关于分散剂的研究与使用管理现状的基础上,提出了中国分散剂研究与使用管理建议,主要包括:(1)建立国家级分散剂重点实验室,深入分散剂生态毒理学和迁移转归研究以及新型分散剂开发研究,提高中国在此研究领域的国际地位;(2)修订或建立中国分散剂分析、检验和使用相关标准;(3)建议海事和水运交通管理部门进行所辖区域溢油应急措施的风险评估,并加强对溢油应急事故处理中分散剂使用的授权和管理.     

ICSTD反应器处理污泥的启动试验研究

新型内循环污泥浓缩消化反应器（ICSTD）处理污泥的启动运行试验采用某污水处理厂二沉池好氧活性污泥进行驯化培养,使反应器正常启动运行。在日处理量为50 L/d,进泥含水率为99.23％～99.46％,进泥VS/TS为0.65～0.73,进泥COD为4 115～5 780 mg/L,反应器容积负荷为1.31 kg COD/(m³·d)时,排泥含水率在96.2％～97.3％,排泥VS/TS为0.48～0.57,COD去除率在95％以上,出水pH在6.6～7.1,且上清液澄清。试验结果表明： ICSTD反应器处理污泥的启动试验,采用直接培养污泥启动的方式培养厌氧污泥历时66 d,能较快地培养厌氧污泥且运行稳定,对污泥的浓缩消化起到较好的作用,同时对反应器后续运行的消化效果提供了一个良好的条件。     

竹地板与普通实木地板燃烧性能的锥形量热仪对比实验研究

随着竹地板的广泛应用,竹木地板的火灾燃烧性能也将引起人们的关注.本文采用锥形量热仪对竹木地板的引燃时间、热释放速率、总热释放和一氧化碳的产率及体积比浓度等燃烧性能与普通实木地板进行了比较研究.研究结果表明:在相同条件下,竹木地板试样的引燃时间较短,临界引燃辐射热通量较低,引燃危险相对较大;竹木地板试样燃烧中第一个热释放速率峰值出现的时间短,且峰值相对较大,其潜在的轰燃危险相对较大;此外,竹木试样的一氧化碳的产率和燃烧初期在烟气中的体积比浓度相对较大.     

2016-2020年成都市大气质量变化特征及健康风险评价

本文基于成都市2016—2020年PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO和O3浓度监测数据,运用主成分分析(PCA)和复合污染特征分析污染物特征及来源,并采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型评估了PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2的健康风险,结果表明:2016-2020年成都市除O3外其余5种大...     

新型侧向流曝气生物滤池处理生活污水

采用以沸石为填料的新型侧向流曝气生物滤池处理生活污水,考察了水力负荷和气水比的影响.结果表明,LBAF在最佳工况气水比10∶1,A、B段曝气量比1∶1,水力负荷0.43 m3/m2·h下,COD、SS、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为88.01%、95.18%、78.97%、52.58%和21.02%;COD去除率随COD容积负荷的增加缓慢下降.氨氮、总氮去除率随COD容积负荷的增大明显下降,氨氮去除率随氨氮容积负荷的增大而明显降低.滤池纳污能力强,不易堵塞,可适当延长反冲周期.     

异养硝化细菌Bacillus sp.LY脱氮性能研究

研究了异养硝化细菌Bacillus sp.LY的脱氮性能.结果表明,Bacillus sp.LY是1株具有脱氮能力的异养硝化细菌.在Nil4 -N浓度分别为40、80和120 mg/L 3种情况下,120 h反应后,氨氮的去除率分别是100%、85.7%、73.7%,总氮的去除率分别是76.6%、53.4%、64.8%,在菌液初始浓度相同的情况下,随着NH4 -N浓度的增加,细菌的硝化速率以及脱氮速率呈现下降的趋势.有机物浓度是影响Bacillus sp.LY脱氮性能的重要因素,低的有机物浓度会阻碍细菌脱氮性能的发挥,中的有机物浓度会促进细菌脱氮性能的发挥,使体系的脱氮效果达到最佳,高的有机物浓度并不能再次提升细菌的脱氮性能.在Bacillus sp.LY作用下,有机氮经过氨化作用生成氨氮,通过2条可能的途径转化为氮气.1条途径是氨氮先硝化生成亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐,然后反硝化生成氮气.另1条途径是氨氮被氧化生成羟胺,然后脱氢生成氧化亚氮并进一步转化为氮气.这些研究可为开发新型高效生物脱氮工艺提供参考.     

基于贝叶斯网络的消防协同治理影响因素研究

为有效提升消防安全协同治理的效能,在识别和量化政府部门、企业和公民社会消防协同治理的影响因素的基础上,分别构建政府部门、企业和公民社会影响因素的贝叶斯网络模型,辨识影响实现高效消防协同治理的关键因素。研究结果表明：部门的权力与利益、有效领导和组织激励3个因素对政府消防协同治理影响最为显著;交流沟通和参与渠道分别是影响企业和公民社会的关键因素,并且基于全局贝叶斯网络模型的敏感性分析可知,政府部门是整体消防协同治理的核心,调节相关部门的权力与利益和具备有效领导的能力能有效提高政府消防协同治理水平,明显改善整体消防协同治理效能。