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81.
我国畜禽集约化养殖环境压力及国外环境治理的启示 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
集约化养殖是我国畜禽产业发展的必然趋势,但畜禽集约化养殖带来的环境污染也日益严重。通过测算近10 a来的全国畜禽养殖废弃物产生总量及废弃物中氮、磷养分的排放总量,以欧盟畜禽耕地承载负荷为标准,建立畜禽粪便土地负荷警报值等级,分析得出我国全国及各区域畜禽养殖的环境压力:从近5 a全国层面看,以氮养分测算的耕地负载警报值在0.7左右,且2009~2011年的警报值已经超过07,畜禽氮养分的耕地负荷已经开始对环境产生污染威胁;而以磷肥测算的耕地负载警报值已经超过1,对环境造成了较严重的污染威胁。从2010年具体区域情况看,以氮养分测算的耕地负载警报值超过07的达到17个省份,其中河南、湖南、广东、四川污染较严重,北京的畜禽养殖氮养分环境污染已经到严重的程度;以磷养份测算的耕地负载警报值已有21个省份超过1,北京和广东的耕地负载警报值已接近3,磷养分的环境污染已很严重。最后,探讨了发达国家畜禽养殖环境压力及环境治理措施对我国的启示 相似文献
82.
采用离子交换膜电解技术处理铜冶炼过程产生的含氯及重金属的废酸。考察了废酸处理工艺、电解温度、电解时间、电流密度和催化剂的添加等条件对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明:采用先沉淀重金属后脱氯的废酸处理工艺,氯离子和铜离子的去除效果均较好;当以钛盐为催化剂时,在电解温度为40 ℃、电解时间为2.0 h、电流密度为825 A/m2的最佳工艺条件下,处理后废酸中的氯离子质量浓度为0.22 g/L,氯离子去除率为98.59%,铜离子质量浓度为0.45 g/L,铜离子去除率为95.08%,其他重金属大部分也得到有效去除。净化后的废酸可回用至铜冶炼的生产过程中。 相似文献
83.
S. Witz M. Smith M. Shu A. B. Moore 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):276-278
Air monitoring In the San Francisco Bay Area was carried out to measure outdoor community air concentrations of poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and mutagenlc activity (mutagenlclty) In participate organic matter (POM). Monitoring began In 1979 and Is currently conducted at six stations. PAH and mutagenlclty tests were performed on organic extracts prepared from high volume (hl-vol) filters composited every four months, by meteorological season. PAH were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection. Mutagenlclty was measured In the Ames Salmonella bloas-say using strain TA98 with and without metabolic activation. The nine-year mean concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was 0.4 ng/m3. The mutagenlcfty of this amount of BaP accounted for only about 0.2% of the observed mutagenicity In POM and other measured PAH accounted for even less. Concentrations of PAH and mutagenlclty were three to nine times higher during the winter than during other seasons. Year-to-year wintertime trends In several PAH were also seen. Early In the 1980s, winter concentrations of BaP and benzo (g,h,i)perylene Increased. However since the mld-1980’s, their concentrations have fallen. The decrease In PAH concentrations may be the result of an Increasing proportion of vehicles with relatively low organic emissions. In contrast to PAH, mutagenlcfty did not show significant year-to-year time trends. 相似文献
84.
Sequestration of organochlorine pesticides in soils of distinct organic carbon content 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhang N Yang Y Tao S Liu Y Shi KL 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(3):700-705
In the present study, five soil samples with organic carbon contents ranging from 0.23% to 7.1% and aged with technical dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) for 15 months were incubated in a sealed chamber to investigate the dynamic changes of the OCP residues. The residues in the soils decreased over the incubation period and finally reached a plateau. Regression analysis showed that degradable fractions of OCPs were negatively correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC) except for α-HCH, while no correlation was found between degradation rate and SOC, which demonstrated that SOC content determines the OCP sequestration fraction in soil. Analysis of the ratio of DDT and its primary metabolites showed that, since it depends on differential sequestration among them, magnitude of (p,p′-DDE + p,p′-DDD)/p,p′-DDT is not a reliable criterion for the identification of new DDT sources. 相似文献
85.
86.
The presence of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein in earthworms Eisenia fetida has no deleterious effects on their growth and reproduction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Earthworms Eisenia fetida, bred in substances with stover of two genetically-engineered Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corns (5422Bt1 (Event Bt11) and 5422CBCL (MON810)) expressing Cry1Ab and their near-isogenic non-Bt corn (5422), were used to investigate the non-target effects of Bt corn on soil-dwelling organisms. Cry1Ab concentrations in substances, casts and guts of E. fetida were also investigated by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). More than 90% individuals of E. fetida survived over a period of 30 d, irrespective of whether they received Bt corn or non-Bt corn. Compared to 5422 treatments, significantly higher relative growth rate and more number of new offspring and cocoons of E. fetida were found in 5422Bt1 and 5422CBCL treatments. These results were unlikely to be directly caused by Cry1Ab released from Bt corns but rather by differences in other factors of plants such as plant components (soluble sugar, total organic carbon, total protein and available phosphorus of Bt corns were more than 5422). ELISA results indicated immunoreactive Cry1Ab was detectable in substances, and the casts, guts of E. fetida from Bt corns treatments, of which the highest levels were detected in substances under the corresponding experimental conditions. With the increase of treated time, a strong decline was observed in Cry1Ab from substances and casts of E. fetida, whereas Cry1Ab in guts of E. fetida from 5422Bt1 treatments gradually increased and that from 5422CBCL treatments increased between 14 and 30 d. Therefore, the presence of Cry1Ab in E. fetida had no deleterious effects on their growth and reproduction. 相似文献
87.
根据废弃印刷线路板中材料密度不同,采用水介质流化床对印刷线路板粉末中的金属进行回收,对0.25~0.177、0.177~0.104、0.104~0.074和-0.074 mm 4个粒级范围内的物料进行分选试验。试验结果表明,在上述4个粒级范围内,随介质流速的增大,金属回收率降低;金属回收率η与实际操作速度(ua)和颗粒终端沉降速度(ut)的比值φ(ua/ut)存在一定线性关系,分析模拟了η与φ之间的相关性方程,外推试验的结果证明了相关性方程的可靠性;在合适的操作条件下,各粒级范围内金属的回收率分别为95.02%、90.07%、87.5%和92.68%。 相似文献
88.
89.
基于模糊贴近度的岩溶塌陷易发性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在综合分析岩溶塌陷特点及其影响因素的基础上,参考大量实例及专家意见,结合模糊贴近度理论,建立了岩溶塌陷易发性评价模型.在模型的建立过程中,讨论了岩溶塌陷评价指标隶属度的计算,使用层次分析法确定了各评价指标的权重.以武山铜矿区上屋周地段岩溶塌陷评价为实例,利用模型分别对该地段目前和1994年的岩溶塌陷易发性进行了评价,并进行了对比,评价结果与实际情况基本一致.利用武山铜矿区多个已发生岩溶塌陷的地段对方法进行了验证,并对整个碳酸岩覆盖区域进行评价,均表明该评价模型效果良好.所提基于模糊贴近度的岩溶塌陷易发性评价模型原理直观,计算方法简单、快速、实用,为岩溶塌陷易发性评价提供了新的思路和方法. 相似文献
90.