引滦水中不同形态天然有机物的卤代活性

用过滤、ＸＡＤ树脂吸附和阴离子树脂吸附等方法将引滦水中的天然有机物分离为悬浮态、憎水化合物、腐殖酸类化合物、非腐殖酸类阴离子化合物和其它亲水化合物。分别对不同形态有机物进行氯化处理，测定了产物中的挥发性卤代烃。结果表明，引滦水中天然有机物的主要氯化产物是氯仿和一溴二氯甲烷，此外还生成少量二溴一氯甲烷。悬浮态有机物和溶解态腐殖酸是生成氯仿的最重要母体，一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷则大多来源于溶解态腐殖     

利用剩余活性污泥生产一次性可降解材料

为了缓解污水处理厂日益严重的污泥处置难题,实现剩余活性污泥的无害化、减量化、稳定化、资源化利用。采用SBR系统对剩余活性污泥进行10 d的驯化,加入4.0 g/L的乙酸钠作为发酵培养基碳源和前体物质,累积聚羟基烷酸酯(polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHA)。30℃好氧发酵10 h后,PHA积累达1 125 mg/L,占污泥浓度(MLSS)的质量分数为35.7%。然后经过离心、烘干、粉碎后模压成型加工成一次性使用的可生物降解材料。使用正交实验进行优化,结果表明:其最佳的物料配比和模压条件为:干污泥57%;稻草纤维20%;聚乙烯醇(PVA)19%;硬脂酸钡2%;氧化钙2%;最佳工艺条件为100℃,加热1.5 h,此时加工出来的产品具有最优的抗压强度和拉伸强度。以本方法制成的可生物降解花盆其所含细菌总数、粪大肠菌群、蛔虫卵死亡率均达到国标所规定的污泥农用生物安全要求;另外,试样中未检出病毒;其重金属含量也达到国标所规定的污泥农用标准;其可生物降解性能达到了可降解材料的要求。因而本研究制备的一次性使用可降解花盆具有较好的开发和应用价值。     

区域大气环境模式RegAEMS中二次气溶胶的改进模拟研究

为了提升二次气溶胶的模拟精度,在区域大气环境模式RegAEMS中加入了硫酸盐气溶胶的两种新生成机制（NO₂+SO₂化学过程和过渡金属催化氧化（TMI））以及二次有机气溶胶（SOA）生成的挥发性有机物基集（VBS）方法.模拟了2020年1月上海市两次中度污染过程,并与观测数据进行对比验证.研究发现,两次污染过程硫氧转化率（SOR）均大于0.4,PM_2.5主要组分为SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺等水溶性离子,占比为61.25%~63.85%.SOA占比为2.92%~3.0%.加入NO₂+SO₂化学过程和过渡金属催化氧化（TMI）后,硫酸盐模拟精度明显提升（相关系数（R）从0.49~0.63提升至0.58~0.67,相对标准偏差（NMB）从-35.0%~-36.5%提升至-17.3%~-14.2%）.两种化学过程在污染发展阶段平均贡献占比为23.3%~27.9%,这可能是造成污染条件下SO₄^2-浓度迅速增加的主要原因.VBS机制能够较好地模拟出SOA的变化趋势（相关系数为0.53~0.56）,由于硫酸盐和SOA生成机理的改进,RegAEMS在PM_2.5的模拟精度上有所提升（相对标准偏差（NMB）从-13.5%~-6.0%提升至-9.0%~-3.3%）.     

Particulate matter pollution in Kunshan High-Tech zone: Source apportionment with trace elements, plume evolution and its monitoring

Particulate matter(PM) in the Kunshan High-Tech zone is studied during a three-month campaign. PM and trace elements are measured by the online pollution monitoring, forecastwarning and source term retrieval system AS3. Hourly measured concentrations of PM_(10), PM_(2.5) and 16 trace elements in the PM_(2.5) section(Ca, Pb, Cu, Cl, V, Cr, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sr, Ba)are focused. Source apportionment of trace elements by Positive Matrix Factorization modeling indicates that there are five major sources, including dust, industrial processing, traffic,combustion, and sea salt with contribution rate of 23.68%, 21.66%, 14.30%, 22.03%, and 6.89%,respectively. Prediction of plume dispersion from concrete plant and traffic emissions shows that PM_(10) pollution of concrete plant is three orders of magnitude more than that of the traffic. The influence range can extend to more than 3 km in 1 hr. Because the footprint of the industrial plumes is constantly moving according to the local meteorological conditions, the fixed monitoring sites scattered in a few hundred meters haven't captured the heaviest pollution plume at the local scale of a few km~2. As a more intensive monitoring network is not operationally possible, the use of online modeling gives accurate and quantitative information of plume location, which increases the spatial pollution monitoring capacity and improves the understanding of measurement data. These results indicate that the development of the AS3 system, which combines monitoring equipment and air pollution modeling systems, is beneficial to the real-time pollution monitoring in the industrial zone.     

四氯丙烯对稀有鮈鲫的急性毒性及安全浓度评价

采用半静态试验方式测试了四氯丙烯对稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)的急性毒性,试验浓度分别设定为0.25 mg·L~(-1)、0.30mg·L~(-1)、0.36 mg·L~(-1)、0.42 mg·L~(-1)、0.50 mg·L~(-1)和0.60 mg·L~(-1),同时进行空白对照(试验用水)和分散剂对照(体积分数为0.006%的吐温-80水溶液)试验。采用气相色谱法对试验溶液进行浓度分析,实测浓度分别为0.19 mg·L~(-1)、0.25 mg·L~(-1)、0.34 mg·L~(-1)、0.40 mg·L~(-1)、0.51 mg·L~(-1)和0.64 mg·L~(-1),试验结果以实测浓度表示和统计。结果表明:四氯丙烯致稀有鮈鲫无死亡发生(EC0)的最高浓度为0.25 mg·L~(-1),导致稀有鮈鲫100%死亡(EC100)的最低浓度为0.51 mg·L~(-1)。根据实测浓度,用SPSS(17.0)概率单位法求得四氯丙烯对稀有鮈鲫的半数致死浓度96 h-LC50为0.347 mg·L~(-1),95%置信区间为0.328 mg·L~(-1)~0.361 mg·L~(-1)。     

多环芳烃室内土柱淋溶行为的CDE模型模拟

采用土柱淋溶实验方法对多环芳烃(PAHs)在人工污染士柱中表面活性剂淋溶下的运移进行了实验室研究,获得了示踪剂Br^-和PAHs的穿透曲线(BTCs);并通过室内批量平衡试验(PAHs和表面活性剂吸附试验和表面活性剂对PAHs吸附／解吸影响试验)获得了吸附系数,进而获得阻滞因子．基于这些实验室结果,通过CXTFIT2．1软件,用平衡CDE模型拟合了Br^-的BTCs,获得物理和水动力参数;并在此基础上应用CDE非平衡模型拟合PAHs在表面活性剂淋溶条件下土柱中的BTCs以及不同时刻、不同埋深处PAHs浓度的动态变化,预测了PAHs在土柱中的迁移趋势。     

Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of anthracene with selected atmospheric oxidants

The reactions of gas-phase anthracene and suspended anthracene particles with O3 and O3-NO were conducted in a 200-L reaction chamber, respectively. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formations from gas-phase reactions of anthracene with O3 and O3-NO were observed. Meanwhile, the size distributions and mass concentrations of SOA were monitored with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) during the formation processes. The rapid exponential growths of SOA reveal that the atmospheric lifetimes of gas-phase anthracene towards O3 and O3-NO are less than 20.5 and 4.34 hr, respectively. The particulate oxidation products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions were analyzed with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-ATOFMS). Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analyses of oxidation products of anthracene were carried out for assigning the time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra of products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Anthrone, anthraquinone, 9,10- dihydroxyanthracene, and 1,9,10-trihydroxyanthracene were the ozonation products of anthracene, while anthrone, anthraquinone, 9-nitroanthracene, and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone were the main products of anthracene with O3-NO.     

伊春河河水水溶性腐殖酸内源释放模型

以水溶性腐殖酸含量很高的伊春河为例，利用冬季冰封无外源输入的条件，在有产室内模拟研究的基础上，通过现场采样及测定，建立了伊春河河水水溶性腐殖酸的内源释放模型，根据同期采集样品进行的验证表明，该模型能够准确地反映河流沉积物中水溶性瘁殖酸向河水中释放的速率以及速率与流速等条件的定量关系。     

智能型防碰天车装置的安全可靠性分析

针对目前油田钻井现场使用的智能型防碰天车装置存在一些安全问题，分析了问题的实质是设计测量精度和安全可靠性不高。提出了具体改进设计的方案与意见。     

环境因子对胡敏酸介导下SDZ光解行为的影响

研究了在纯水条件及两种不同来源胡敏酸（HA）介导下,磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）和水稻土胡敏酸（SDHA）、泥炭土胡敏酸（NTHA）的不同浓度、pH值、光敏离子（NO₃^-和Fe³⁺）、离子强度（NaCl）以及金属离子（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和K⁺）等环境因子对SDZ紫外光降解的影响.结果表明：光照下,pH=7.1对两种体系的SDZ光降解有促进作用且效果最好.低SDZ浓度（2mg/L）以及低HA浓度（15mg/L）条件下使SDZ光解速率较快.光敏离子中NO₃^-通过光生·OH,促进了纯水中SDZ的光解,但在HA体系中,HA具有猝灭·OH的效应造成SDZ的光解速率低于纯水;Fe³⁺在HA体系下均表现为抑制作用,且抑制强度为NTHA>SDHA.在纯水中SDZ的光解速率随NaCl浓度增加而增加,HA介导下,较低浓度NaCl（C_NaCl=50mmol/L）抑制作用较强.金属离子（K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺）在纯水中对SDZ的光解影响程度较弱,但在HA体系中均表现为抑制作用,抑制强度为K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺,单价阳离子对SDZ光降解影响较为明显.