厌氧条件下 2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚的微生物降解

多溴联苯醚是环境中的新兴污染物,其中2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在环境(尤其是水环境)中普遍存在且生物毒性很高.以BDE-47为对象,研究了6组含脱卤球菌的培养液对BDE-47的降解,目的是了解厌氧条件下BDE-47的微生物降解及其动力学.采用100 mL血清瓶作为厌氧反应器,对厌氧微生物进行培养.对每组菌作两种处理,一是仅加入BDE-47作为能源(设计终浓度为200μg.L-1),另一是同时加入BDE-47和三氯乙烯(TCE)作为能源(设计终浓度分别为200μg.L-1和13mg.L-1).经过3个月的实验,两组含脱卤球菌的培养液(6M6B和T2)均能明显降解BDE-47,生成BDE-17、BDE-4及少量的DE,TCE的存在一定程度上减弱了6M6B和T2菌对BDE-47的降解.采用PCR-DGGE法对不同培养菌液的群落结构进行比较,发现醋酸杆菌属与BDE-47的降解关联较大.在3种不同初始浓度(50、250和500μg.L-1)条件下,BDE-47的降解速率分别为0.003 3、0.001 4和0.001 0 d-1.本研究表明,厌氧条件下BDE-47在细菌的作用下可发生还原降解,生成BDE-17和BDE-4.醋酸杆菌属可能在BDE-47的降解中起较大作用.高浓度的BDE-47在一定程度上会抑制降解菌的活性.     

嗜酸菌对废旧印刷线路板金属铜的浸出研究

选用嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称T.f)、氧化硫硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thiooxidans,简称T.t)作为实验菌种研究其对线路板(Printed circuit board)粉金属铜的浸出;试验以单一菌种、混合菌种、无菌培养基及酸性蒸馏水进行浸出实验研究,通过对比不同条件下的浸出效果,得出单一氧化亚铁硫杆菌(T.f)的浸出效果最好,浸出率达到92.1%。通过对浸出过程中pH、ORP及Fe2+、Fe3+变化分析,发现Fe3+的氧化作用在铜的浸出过程中起主导作用,酸浸也有一定的贡献;对浸出后残余的PCB进行XRD及SEM观察分析发现,PCB组成成分中含有大量的酚烃、苯酚及邻、对位取代酚以及少量的长链烷烃及其脂肪烃,此类有机物在浸出过程中均与细菌或其代谢物发生了作用。     

珠三角地区2005-2009年灰霾天气污染水平分析

通过环境监测数据和灰霾观测站气象资料,评价珠江三角洲地区2005-2009年灰霾污染程度,分析大气污染颗粒物与灰霾天气的关系,反映该地区居民灰霾污染暴露水平。结果显示,珠三角地区2005-2009年灰霾天气总体趋势为广州市稳中有降,东莞、深圳和肇庆三城市先升后降,每年灰霾天气具有明显季节性变化。四城市灰霾天气污染水平均以等级指数2轻微灰霾天气为主,PM10、SO2和NO2,3种大气污染物与灰霾等级指数回归分析具有显著性的正相关效应。珠三角地区属于灰霾高发区,灰霾污染较为严重。     

鱼对不同形态铅的吸收

研究了水中铅游离态和各种无机络合态之间的分布特征，探讨了鱼鳃分泌物的络合性能及其对形态分布的影响。结果表明：在没有天然有机配位体的体系中，Ｐｂ主要以ＰｂＣＯ＾－３，Ｐｂ（ＯＨ）＾＋，Ｐｂ（ＯＨ）＾０２，Ｐｂ（ＣＯ３）６２－２和Ｐｂ＾２＋形态存在。金鱼粘液分泌与铅暴露量成正相关关系。     

Loss prevention in the petrochemical and chemical-process high-tech industries in Taiwan

Industrial safety has noticeably improved in recent years in Taiwan. Despite these improvements, however, serious accidents including explosions, chemical releases, and fires have still occurred in companies such as the Fu Guo Chemical Company (2001), Sin Hun Chemical Company (2005), Motech Industries, Inc. (2005) and Nanpao Resin Co. (2010). These accidents resulted in great loss of life and property, and further caused demands for improvement. Chemical disasters usually result from the combination of several mistakes or gross carelessness and are seldom caused by a single episode. To ensure the safety of operating, handling and storing chemicals, as well as to prevent chemical disasters, one must take many critical points into account, such as techniques, manufacturing processes, operators, chemicals, and emergency response. In Taiwan, the hazards and risks of high-tech companies are higher than in other industrial sectors. Therefore, a variety of safety management methods and regulations appropriate for high-tech companies have been generated. We studied the current status of the indigenous loss prevention protocols based on the safety management of petrochemical and chemical-process high-tech industries in Taiwan.     

Comparisons of TGA and DSC approaches to evaluate nitrocellulose thermal degradation energy and stabilizer efficiencies

This study investigated the thermal degradation energy (activation energy, E_a) for nitrocellulose (NC) with low nitrogen content of 11.71 mass%, so-called NC3, by using two different kinds of thermal analysis instruments: thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A comparison of E_a for various nitrogen content NC samples at two scanning rates (5 and 10 °C min^?1) tested by TGA and DSC is also discussed in this paper. Meanwhile, our aim was to analyze the anti-degradation of E_a for NC with high nitrogen content, as so-called NC1. Thermal stability for NC1 with diphenylamine (DPA) was tested via DSC with 10 DPA concentrations in weights of 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.0, and 3.0 mass%. Experimental results indicated that E_a of NC3s was 319.91 kJ mol^?1. Moreover, that while dosing DPA into NC1 the best recipe could be employed to avoid any violent NC1 runaway and also can be used to distinguish the differences of thermal decomposition E_a between NC with different nitrogen contents. This study established a fast and efficient procedure for thermal decomposition properties of NC, and could be applied as an intrinsically safer design during relevant operations.     

京密引水中不同形态天然有机物的卤代活性

用过滤、XAD－8和XAD－4树脂串联吸附等方法将京密引水中的天然有机物定量分离为悬浮固体、憎水有机物、腐殖酸类化合物,XAD－4酸和其它亲水有机物。分别对不同形态有机物进行氯化处理,测定了产物中的挥发性卤代烃。结果表明,京密引水中天然有机物的主要挥发性氯化产物是氯仿,此外还生成一溴、二溴氯甲烷及少量溴仿。溶解态腐殖酸类化合物的悬浮固态和悬浮固态有机物是生成氯仿的最主要母体。亲水有机酸也具有较高的卤代活性,而其它有机成分则表现出相对惰性。     

城市居住小区的公路交通噪声预测与规划

城市发展、公路建设、各类机动车辆的增加导致城市噪声环境质量下降。为了改善城市人居环境,居住小区交通噪声预测与规划应当受到重视。本文提出了一种居住小区交通噪声预测与规划的新方法。该方法充分运用地理信息系统空间分析、空间建模与显示查询的能力,结合完善可靠的交通噪声预测模型,建立了具有实际应用价值的城市居住小区交通噪声预测与规划系统。该系统能为环境评价、环境规划与建筑设计提供相关的技术支持。     

铜在鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)鱼鳃微环境中的形态分布

利用 Playle设计的装置测定了不同铜暴露水平下鲤鱼鳃部进出水中的游离铜离子浓度、粘液含量及有关参数 .用MINTEQA2和单配位体模型联合的试算方法计算了不同形态铜含量以及鳃部粘液对铜的络合能力 .结果表明 ,利用该算法可以获得鱼鳃微环境金属形态分布的准确结果 ,同时可以得到与鱼鳃粘液络合能力有关的参数 .随着暴露铜含量增加 ,粘液分泌量随之增加 ,鱼鳃微环境 p H和碱度也有所上升 .鱼鳃粘液的络合当量浓度 ( Cu/ C)和稳定常数 (对数 )分别为 0 .95mmol/ mg和5.32 .就铜形态分布而言 ,鱼鳃微环境与外部水相的主要差别表现在相对较高的羟基络合态铜含量以及占总量 3%～ 2 0 %的鱼鳃粘液络合态铜 .     

炼铝废渣的综合利用试验

铝灰掺入混凝土后将引起体积膨胀强度下降,故不适用于混凝土。但含一定量的铝灰,石灰和统砂的混合材料一种优质的路用材料,用铝灰制成的水处理剂对印染废水,制革废水均有较好的去除效果。