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961.
)]发光细菌法在水质综合毒性在线检测中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以海洋发光细菌费氏弧菌(Vibrio fischeri)作为检测生物,采用冻干菌粉快速复苏技术,研究费氏弧菌在水质检测中的最佳测试温度和有效性测试条件,并对硫酸锌等多种毒物和几种实际水样进行发光抑制作用分析。研究表明,费氏弧菌冻干粉复苏菌液保存在2~5℃条件下能有效测试7 d,最佳测试温度为15℃,最佳测试时间为15 min。氯化汞、硫酸锌、硫酸镉等重金属和苯胺、多菌灵、甲醛等有机毒物对费氏弧菌均具有较强的光抑制作用,也即费氏弧菌对以上毒物较为敏感,并能够连续7 d保持对同一浓度硫酸锌的敏感性较为一致。对几种实际水样的测试和分析表明,以费氏弧菌为指示生物的发光细菌法能够应用于水质环境安全的综合毒性在线监测预警中。 相似文献
962.
Wenxin Liu Shanshan Xu Bo Pan Shu Tao 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(2):566-575
Fractions of soil organic matter in a natural soil were extracted and sorption (or binding) characteristics of phenanthrene on each fraction and to the whole sample were investigated. The organic carbon normalized single point sorption (or binding) coefficient followed lipid > humin (HM) > humic acid (HA) > fulvic acid (FA) > whole soil sample, while the nonlinear exponent exhibited lipid > FA > HA > whole soil sample > HM. FA showed nonlinear binding of phenanthrene as it often does with other fractions. HM and HA contributed the majority of organic carbon in the soil. The calculated sorption coefficients of the whole soil were about two times greater than the measured values at different equilibrium phenanthrene concentrations. As for phenanthrene, the sorption capacity and nonlinearity of the physically mixed HA-HM mixtures were stronger as compared to the chemically reconstituted HA-HM composite. This was attributed to (besides the conditioning effect of the organic solvents) interactions between HA and HM and acid-base additions during fractionation. 相似文献
963.
上海城市化对气象要素和臭氧浓度的影响 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
为探讨城市化引起的土地利用变化对上海近地面气象要素和臭氧(O3)浓度的影响,运用美国国家大气研究中心等机构共同开发的WRF-Chem模式,在考虑扩大城市用地、运用城市冠层模式以及城市人为热影响的基础上,针对上海地区2个不同发展时期的下垫面土地利用类型,就2007年3次高浓度O3天气过程,设置4组灵敏性试验进行模拟。结果表明,以虹桥机场站为代表的市区受城市化影响温度升高、相对湿度降低、风速减小,日平均温度最高上升3.5℃,日平均相对湿度最大降低20%,日平均风速最大减小1.5m/s;但以青浦站和川沙站为代表的郊区受城市化影响不明显。此外,以卢湾站为代表的市区,O3浓度普遍增加,日均值最高可增加8.3μg/m3;但以川沙站和淀山湖站为代表的郊区,O3浓度的变化随着个例的不同有增加也有减少。 相似文献
964.
Yang Zhang Bo Yang Junwang Meng Shaokai Gao Xinyu Dong Jinian Shu 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(5):697-702
The reactions of gas-phase phenanthrene and suspended phenanthrene particles with ozone were conducted in a 200l chamber. The secondary organic aerosol formation was observed in the reaction of gas-phase phenanthrene with ozone and simultaneously the size distribution of the secondary organic aerosol was monitored with a scanning mobility particle sizer during the formation process. The particulate ozonation products from both reactions were analyzed with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer. 2,2′-Diformylbiphenyl was identified as the dominant product in both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of phenanthrene with ozone. GC/MS analysis of ozonation products of phenanthrene in glacial acetic acid was carried out for assigning time-of-flight mass spectra of reaction products formed in the homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of phenanthrene with ozone. 相似文献
965.
Na Zhang Yu Yang Yu Liu Shu Tao 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):649-656
Octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) and supercooled liquid vapor pressures (PL) of nine organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDD, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH were determined as functions of temperature using a gas chromatographic retention time method. Among them, the KOA of o,p′-DDE and o,p′-DDD and the PL of o,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDD, β-HCH and δ-HCH were determined for the first time. The determined KOA and PL values of investigated compounds at 25°C ranged from 3.14 × 107 (α-HCH) to 3.76×109 (p,p′-DDD), and 8.95×10? 4 Pa (p,p′-DDD) to 1.08×10? 1 Pa (α-HCH), respectively. The KOA and PL data were compared with published data. The KOA values of o,p′-DDT at 25°C were 3.23×109, higher than o,p′-DDE (1.02×109) and o,p′-DDD (2.01×109), indicating o,p′-DDT were more preferred to partition in soil compared with the metabolites. The KOA values were lower and PL values were higher for o,p′-DDE and o,p′-DDD, compared with their p,p′-isomeric counterparts, leading to a potential difference in behavior and fate of these isomers. The discrepancies among chemicals are obvious, which reflected in the increasing KOA and decreasing PL values in order of α-HCH, γ-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, o,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD. For each compound, the LogKOA decreased linearly with reciprocal absolute temperature, while LogPL had a significant positive correlation with the inverse absolute temperature. The present study suggested that the method of gas chromatographic retention time was appropriate to measure the KOA and PL of a number of OCPs. 相似文献
966.
Nitrate facilitates cadmium uptake, transport and accumulation in the hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Pengjie Hu Yong-Gen Yin Satoru Ishikawa Nobuo Suzui Naoki Kawachi Shu Fujimaki Masato Igura Cheng Yuan Jiexue Huang Zhu Li Tomoyuki Makino Yongming Luo Peter Christie Longhua Wu 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(9):6306-6316
The aims of this study are to investigate whether and how the nitrogen form (nitrate (NO3 –) versus ammonium (NH4 +)) influences cadmium (Cd) uptake and translocation and subsequent Cd phytoextraction by the hyperaccumulator species Sedum plumbizincicola. Plants were grown hydroponically with N supplied as either NO3 – or NH4 +. Short-term (36 h) Cd uptake and translocation were determined innovatively and quantitatively using a positron-emitting 107Cd tracer and positron-emitting tracer imaging system. The results show that the rates of Cd uptake by roots and transport to the shoots in the NO3 – treatment were more rapid than in the NH4 + treatment. After uptake for 36 h, 5.6 (0.056 μM) and 29.0 % (0.290 μM) of total Cd in the solution was non-absorbable in the NO3 – and NH4 + treatments, respectively. The local velocity of Cd transport was approximately 1.5-fold higher in roots (3.30 cm h?1) and 3.7-fold higher in shoots (10.10 cm h?1) of NO3 –- than NH4 +-fed plants. Autoradiographic analysis of 109Cd reveals that NO3 – nutrition enhanced Cd transportation from the main stem to branches and young leaves. Moreover, NO3 – treatment increased Cd, Ca and K concentrations but inhibited Fe and P in the xylem sap. In a 21-day hydroponic culture, shoot biomass and Cd concentration were 1.51 and 2.63 times higher in NO3 –- than in NH4 +-fed plants. We conclude that compared with NH4 +, NO3 – promoted the major steps in the transport route followed by Cd from solution to shoots in S. plumbizincicola, namely its uptake by roots, xylem loading, root-to-shoot translocation in the xylem and uploading to the leaves. S. plumbizincicola prefers NO3 – nutrition to NH4 + for Cd phytoextraction. 相似文献
967.
Hongzhi He Haishuo Gao Guikui Chen Huashou Li Hai Lin Zhenzhen Shu 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(10):7301-7308
Perchlorate contamination in water is of concern because of uncertainties about toxicity and health effects, impact on ecosystems, and possible indirect exposure pathways to humans. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the ecotoxicology of perchlorate and to screen plant species for phytoremediation. Effects of perchlorate (20, 200, and 500 mg/L) on the growth of four wetland plants (Eichhornia crassipes, Acorus calamus L., Thalia dealbata, and Canna indica) as well as its accumulation in different plant tissues were investigated through water culture experiments. Twenty milligrams per liter of perchlorate had no significant effects on height, root length, aboveground part weight, root weight, and oxidizing power of roots of four plants, except A. calamus, and increasing concentrations of perchlorate showed that out of the four wetland plants, only A. calamus had a significant (p?<?0.05) dose-dependent decrease in these parameters. When treated with 500 mg/L perchlorate, these parameters and chlorophyll content in the leaf of plants showed significant decline contrasted to control groups, except the root length of E. crassipes and C. indica. The order of inhibition rates of perchlorate on root length, aboveground part weight and root weight, and oxidizing power of roots was: A. calamus > C. indica > T. dealbata > E. crassipes and on chlorophyll content in the leaf it was: A. calamus > T. dealbata > C. indica > E. crassipes. The higher the concentration of perchlorate used, the higher the amount of perchlorate accumulation in plants. Perchlorate accumulation in aboveground tissues was much higher than that in underground tissues and leaf was the main tissue for perchlorate accumulation. The order of perchlorate accumulation content and the bioconcentration factor in leaf of four plants was: E. crassipes > C. indica > T. dealbata > A. calamus. Therefore, E. crassipes might be an ideal plant with high tolerance ability and accumulation ability for constructing wetland to remediate high levels of perchlorate polluted water. 相似文献
968.
Effect of Pb toxicity on leaf growth, antioxidant enzyme activities, and photosynthesis in cuttings and seedlings of Jatropha curcas L 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Shu X Yin L Zhang Q Wang W 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(3):893-902
Background
Cuttings and seedlings of Jatropha curcas L. were exposed to different regimes of lead (Pb) stress as Pb(NO3)2 at 0 (CK), 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mM kg−1 soil. 相似文献969.
Cypermethrin has the potential to induce hepatic oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cypermethrin (CYP), a widely used Type II pyrethroid pesticide, is one of the most common contaminants in the freshwater aquatic system. We studied the effects of CYP exposure on the induction of hepatic oxidative stress, DNA damage and the alteration of gene expression related to apoptosis in adult zebrafish. Hepatic mRNA levels for the genes encoding antioxidant proteins, such as Cu/Zn-Sod, Mn-Sod, Cat, and Gpx, were significantly upregulated when zebrafish were exposed to various concentrations of CYP for 4 or 8 days. In addition, the main genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation and the mitochondrial genes related to respiration and ATP synthesis were also significantly upregulated after exposure to high concentrations (1 and 3 μg L−1) of CYP for 4 or 8 days. Moreover, in a comet assay of zebrafish hepatocytes, tail DNA, tail length, tail moment and Olive tail moment increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The significant induction (p < 0.01) of all four parameters observed with CYP concentrations of 0.3 μg L−1 or higher suggests that heavy DNA damage was induced even at low levels. Furthermore, several apoptosis- related genes, such as p53, Apaf1 and Cas3, were significantly upregulated after CYP exposure, and Bcl2/Bax expression ratio decreased, especially in groups treated with 1 and 3 μg L−1 CYP for 8 days. Taken together, our results suggested that CYP has the potential to induce hepatic oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in zebrafish. This information will be helpful in fully understanding the mechanism of aquatic toxicology induced by CYP in fish. 相似文献
970.
Partitioning of PCDD/F congeners between vapor/solid phases and removal and destruction efficiencies achieved with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system for PCDD/Fs at an existing municipal waste incinerator (MWI) and metal smelting plant (MSP) in Taiwan are evaluated via stack sampling and analysis. The MWI investigated is equipped with electrostatic precipitators (EP, operating temperature: 230 degrees C), wet scrubbers (WS, operating temperature: 70 degrees C) and SCR (operating temperature: 220 degrees C) as major air pollution control devices (APCDs). PCDD/F concentration measured at stack gas of the MWI investigated is 0.728 ng-TEQ/Nm(3). The removal efficiency of WS+SCR system for PCDD/Fs reaches 93% in the MWI investigated. The MSP investigated is equipped with EP (operating temperature: 240 degrees C) and SCR (operating temperature: 290 degrees C) as APCDs. The flue gas sampling results also indicate that PCDD/F concentration treated with SCR is 1.35 ng-TEQ/Nm(3). The SCR system adopted in MSP can remove 52.3% PCDD/Fs from flue gases (SCR operating temperature: 290 degrees C, Gas flow rate: 660 kN m(3)/h). In addition, the distributions of PCDD/F congeners observed in the flue gases of the MWI and MSP investigated are significantly different. This study also indicates that the PCDD/F congeners measured in the flue gases of those two facilities are mostly distributed in vapor phase prior to the SCR system and shift to solid phase (vapor-phase PCDD/Fs are effectively decomposed) after being treated with catalyst. Besides, the results also indicate that with SCR highly chlorinated PCDD/F congeners can be transformed to lowly chlorinated PCDD/F congeners probably by dechlorination, while the removal efficiencies of vapor-phase PCDD/Fs increase with increasing chlorination. 相似文献