苯并(a)芘在四种食用淡水鱼中的含量和分布

利用GC-MS测定了购自北京市场的4种食用淡水鱼(鲫鱼、胖头鱼、鲤鱼、草鱼)的5种组织器官(脑、肝、泡、卵和肌肉)中BaP的含量,分析了BaP在4种食用淡水鱼中的分布特征及其对人体的健康风险.结果表明,鱼体BaP湿重含量范围为0～0.057ng·g-1,BaP脂标化含量范围为0.02～21·22 ng˙g-1·BaP在不同组织器官和不同鱼种中的湿重含量差别不显著;而不同鱼种和组织器官中BaP脂标化含量则有一定的差异性.4种鱼中,胖头鱼BaP脂标化含量水平最高,鲫鱼次之,草鱼和鲤鱼较低;各组织器官中,肝脏的BaP脂标化含量相对最高,肉、泡、籽次之,脑中BaP脂标化含量相对最低.鱼体中BaP湿重含量均低于USEPA规定的可食用生物组织器官中BaP含量的上限值(0.67 ng·g-1,wetweight),对人体的致癌风险远小于10-5.     

北京市气溶胶的时间变化与空间分布特征

以MODIS气溶胶遥感数据与同期AERONET监测数据为基础,应用统计分析、对比分析、时间序列分析等技术手段,研究了北京地区气溶胶的时间变化和空间分布特征.结果表明,气溶胶MODIS遥感反演数据和同期AERONET监测数据吻合较好,Pearson积矩相关系数为0 789,误差为ΔAOT550 = -0.077AOT 0.03.北京地区气溶胶550 nm光学厚度AOT和细粒比η的时间变化规律性明显:夏季以城市污染气溶胶为主,光学厚度最高,且具细粒特征;春季城市污染气溶胶和春季沙尘共存,光学厚度比较高,且粗粒占一定比例;冬季以采暖燃煤气溶胶为主,光学厚度不高,但是粗粒占较大比例;秋季大气清澈,气溶胶平均光学厚度仅为0.34.空间分布方面,主要受植被覆盖和产业结构等因素影响,位于西部北部山区的延庆、密云、怀柔和门头沟区气溶胶的光学厚度低,位于东南部平原地区的昌平、顺义、通县、大兴和房山区气溶胶光学厚度总体较高.     

滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理研究

随着滇池治理的进展,在今后一个时期内,恢复滇池饮用水环境功能,成为滇池治理的首要目标和任务。围绕滇池流域水资源供求平衡,采用水资源全要素配置框架下的三次平衡分析理论,从整体上分析了滇池流域水资源供求平衡关系及存在的主要问题,提出了以需求为导向,建立滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理目标和措施。分析表明：在滇池治理的基础上,通过建立滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理体系,落实管理措施,从总量平衡的理论上能够充分发挥引水工程的作用,恢复滇池饮用水环境功能,实现水量、水质供求的综合平衡。建议进一步开展量化分析和模拟实验研究,为在滇池流域实施综合平衡管理提供可靠依据和建议     

经济发展与农业面源污染：分解模型与实证研究

借鉴Islam的研究思路,构建农业面源污染影响因素分解的理论模型。并利用1990～2010年省际面板数据进行实证研究,探讨农业面源污染演变的内在驱动机制,以期为农业面源污染控制和管理提供理论依据。主要研究结论如下：（1）农业面源污染演变受规模效应、结构效应和减污效应的共同影响;（2）规模效应对农业面源污染的影响为正,这说明农业生产规模和农村人口规模的扩大会增大农业面源污染的排放。结构效应的两个重要方面（经济作物比重的提高和畜禽养殖业产值比重的提高）都会导致农业面源污染的加剧。技术进步和经济发展的减污效应开始初步发挥,二者都能有效减少农业面源污染,这为实现农业生产与生态环境的协调发展提供了可能     

基于GIS和USLE的小流域土壤侵蚀定量评价

通过气象数据分析、实地调查、野外采样及室内分析、DEM计算、遥感解译等,建立了南水北调中线水源地丹江口水库区典型小流域地理数据库,确定了计算USLE因子指标的方法。在ArcGIS支持下,模拟了小流域土壤侵蚀强度的空间分布。将模拟结果分为微度、低度、中度、强度、剧烈侵蚀5级,建立土壤侵蚀与土地利用/土地覆盖类型及坡度之间的关系。结果表明：研究区年均土壤侵蚀量2414 t/hm2,远超该地区容许土壤流失量5 t/（hm2·a）。96%的侵蚀区及95%的土壤侵蚀总量位于<25°区域。就土地利用/土地覆盖类型而言,陡坡耕作区是主要的土壤流失区。研究结果为水源区的土壤侵蚀治理提供参考意见,同时为USLE在无土壤类型图地区的应用提供一种方法借鉴     

Restorating marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goad for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour,Hong Kong,China

Abstract

The paper demonstrates why it is necessary to take the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management, in coastal area of the Tolo Harbour. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM) in the Tolo Harbour is to meet with Water Quality Objectives. The performance of an ICM plan, Tolo Harbour Action Plan (THAP), is evaluated by using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including stress indicators and responses indicators. Since the implementation of THAP in 1988, some significant reduction in pollution loading has been observed—reduction of 83% of BOD load and 82% of TN between 1988 and 1999. There has been an improvement in the health state of Tolo Harbour marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced in the trends of the physical, chemical and biological indicators, although some reverse fluctuations in some periods exist. However, this can only be considered as the first sign of the ecosystem health restoration, since ecosystem health covers not only physical, chemical and biological aspects of an ecosystem, but also ecosystem-service-function aspect. It is recommended to take the restoration and protection of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal, instead of water quality objective management, for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour catchment. Steps to further improve the marine coastal ecosystem health of Tolo harbour are discussed in the paper.     

Discussion of Population Modernization Theory and Actuality Analysis of Population Modernization in China

Abstract

This paper discusses the basic concept and connotation of population modernization.

The author briefly analyzes the actuality of population modernization in China, gives some advice and puts forward some measures.     

Effects of the "Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program" on the water budget of the Jinghe River catchment in China

In 1999 China adopted the "Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program" (CCFGP), a nationwide ecological recovery program, to minimize wide-scale soil erosion and vegetation degradation in China, as well as to improve water budgeting results. In the 10 yr since implementation, the CCFGP has resulted in the recovery and reforestation of >100,000 km of cropland and bare land, though the quantitative effect of this program on catchment water budget is not entirely clear. Therefore, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to evaluate and quantify the effects of the CCFGP on the water budget of the Jinghe River catchment, a tributary of the Yellow River covering the central region of the Loess Plateau. Our results indicated that precipitation had dropped by 12.0% from the 1970s (611.6 mm) to the 2000s (538 mm) and that there was a corresponding 25.2% decrease in humidity index from 0.48 to 0.36. Before the CCFGP's implementation, forest and grassland had been decreasing, while bare land, cropland, and shrub land had been increasing. After the implementation of the CCFGP, the opposite trend was observed. Moreover, streamflow increased by about 15 and 20% for the upstream and middle stream subbasins, respectively, while soil water content also showed an obvious increase. Over the same period, evapotranspiration decreased by 5.2 and 13.5 mm and runoff decreased by 37.5 and 38.6% in the two subbasins. The same trends were obtained in the downstream subbasin, where changes were even greater. As a result of the reduced runoff and evapotranspiration, utilization of water resources was more efficient and ecological environment was improved under the CCFGP policy. Our results indicate the CCFGP resulted in a favorable ecological impact and should therefore be maintained.     

Anomalous Ba/Ca signals associated with low temperature stresses in Porites corals from Daya Bay, northern South China Sea

Barium to calcium (Ba/Ca) ratio in corals has been considered as a useful geochemical proxy for upwelling, river flood and other oceanic processes. However, recent studies indicated that additional environmental or biological factors can influence the incorporation of Ba into coral skeletons. In this study, Ba/Ca ratios of two Porites corals collected from Daya Bay, northern South China Sea were analyzed. Ba/Ca signals in the two corals were ‘anomalous’ in comparison with Ba behaviors seen in other near-shore corals influenced by upwelling or riverine runoff. Our Ba/Ca profiles displayed similar and remarkable patterns characterized by low and randomly fluctuating background signals periodically interrupted by sharp and large synchronous peaks, clearly indicating an environmental forcing. Further analysis indicated that the Ba/Ca profiles were not correlated with previously claimed environmental factors such as precipitation, coastal upwelling, anthropogenic activities or phytoplankton blooms in other areas. The maxima of Ba/Ca appeared to occur in the period of Sr/Ca maxima, coinciding with the winter minimum temperatures, which suggests that the anomalous high Ba/Ca signals were related to winter-time low sea surface temperature. We speculated that the Ba/Ca peaks in corals of the Daya Bay were most likely the results of enrichment of Ba-rich particles in their skeletons when coral polyps retracted under the stresses of anomalous winter low temperatures. In this case, Ba/Ca ratio in relatively high-latitude corals can be a potential proxy for tracing the low temperature stress.     

地下金属矿山安全标准化系统信息平台的构建与应用

以金属非金属地下矿山安全标准化系统的管理思想为理论指导和主要目标,按照安全标准化14个要素的运行要求,构建地下矿山安全标准化系统信息平台,对安全标准化的具体建设内容进行相应的信息化管理.针对地下矿山的特点,开发采场安全管理和尾矿库安全管理2个特色模块.结合矿山企业的实际需求,将信息平台划分为工作管理、图形统计、报表分析、公共事务和系统管理等5个模块,并详细探讨各模块所实现的功能.信息平台的应用保障了地下矿山安全标准化系统的有效实施与运行.