长江、嘉陵江(重庆段)源水有机提取物的致突变活性及其季节变化

为了确定并比较重庆主城区段长江、嘉陵江源水有机提取物的致突变性及其季节变化规律，分别于春、夏、冬季采用GDX－120大孔树脂，对位于城区上游、城区中段、城区下游以长江、嘉陵江源水的5个水厂的进厂水进行了有机物的浓缩提取。提取物的致突变活性采用经典的Ames试验平板掺入法评估，测试菌株为TA98及TA100，同时做加与不加S9的比较。结果显示，嘉陵江及长江源水的有机提取物均有不同程度的致突变活性。嘉陵江源水明显大于长江源水，城区中段源水明显大于上游段及下游段源水。多数断面显示平水期致突变活较为显著并且移码型致突变性大于碱基置换型致密变性。研究结果提示，城市污染源已导致长江、嘉陵江源水具备致突变活性，控制两江沿岸的各种水污染源已成为当务之急。     

Effects of surfactants on extraction of phenanthrene in spiked sand

Problems associated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated site in environmental media have received increasing attention. To resolve such problems, innovative in situ methods are urgently required. This work investigated the feasibility of using surfactants to extract phenanthrene on spiked sand in a batch system. Phenanthrene was spiked into Ottawa sand to simulate contaminated soil. Six surfactants, Brij 30 (BR), Triton X-100 (TR), Tergitol NP-10 (TE), Igepal CA-720 (IG), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) were used. Adjusting the extraction time, mixing speed and surfactant concentration yielded the optimum extracting conditions. The concentration of phenanthrene was identified with HPLC. Under the experimental conditions, results indicated that those surfactants were highly promising on site remediation since the residual phenanthrene concentration was effectively reduced. The optimum operating conditions were obtained at 30 min, 125 rpm and surfactant concentrations in 4%.     

造纸黑液酸析法回收木质素

研究了加酸沉淀回收碱法草浆黑液中木质素的工艺,探讨了酸浓度,温度,ｐＨ值及加酸速度对木质素回收量的影响,得出的最佳条件是：硫酸浓度为５０％,温度为４０℃￣５０℃,ｐＨ值为３．０左右,加酸速度以控制不使产生大量泡沫为准。在上述条件下,木质素的回收效果最佳。     

System-level responses of lake ecosystems to chemical stresses using exergy and structural exergy as ecological indicators

This paper presents the system-level responses of experimental lake ecosystems to three chemical stresses (acidification, copper and pesticide contamination) using exergy and structural exergy as ecological indicators. The results indicate that the doses or toxicity of the three chemical stressors contributed to changes in both exergy and structural exergy. Remarkable changes in exergy and structural exergy occurred under acidic conditions and in the presence of Dursban, 24D-DMA, permethrin, bifenthrin, Carbaryl, TCP, PCP, trichlorethylene, benzene, and high doses of Cu, oil, and hexazinone. This seemed to indicate that the subject ecosystems were seriously contaminated by these chemical stressors. For low doses of Cu, oil, atrazine, HCBP, and hexazinone, exergy and structural exergy were either unchanged or only slightly changed, suggesting that the lake ecosystems were not significantly impacted by these chemical stressors. Discussion of the relationships between ecosystem-level changes and structural and functional changes in stressed lake ecosystems indicates that the above-mentioned ecosystem-level changes were in accordance with the changes in structure and function. The observed changes in exergy and structural exergy were also consistent with Odum's predictions of shortened food chains, reduced resource use efficiency, poor stability, low information, and high entropy in stressed aquatic ecosystems. The findings lead the authors to conclude that it is feasible for exergy and structural exergy to serve as ecological indicators when characterizing the system-level responses of experimental lake ecosystems to chemical stress. These results for experimental lake ecosystems would be extrapolated to actual lakes.     

天津污灌区耕作土壤中多环芳烃的纵向分布

研究了天津污灌区土壤剖面中多环芳烃含量的分布特征，几个代表性样点的研究表明，天津市郊水稻田中PAHs含量最高，菜地含量居次，高粱地含量最低。PAHs总含量在土壤剖面的纵向分布总体上是随着土壤剖面的加深而降低。由于长期污水的淹灌作用，水稻田中PAHs含量出现了局部异常高值。用萘(Nap)、菲(Phe)和苯并[a]芘(Bap)作为高低环组分的代表物质分析PAHs在土壤剖面的分布规律，发现Nap、Phe和Bap的含量在纵向剖面上变化趋势基本相同，总体上含量随着剖面的加深而降低。比较单个组分含量在土壤剖面中的变化，在犁底层以下，Bap的含量基本上低于检测限，而Nap的含量在整个土壤剖面中均高于Bap。PAHs含量在土壤剖面上的分布主要受其物理化学性质、土壤中有机碳和粘粒含量的影响。     

涕灭威污染体系研究现场土壤生态系统表征

以湖北省卢龙县刘天庄邵时各村农田生态系统为例，阐述了生态系统的表生方法，得出该生态系统利于做复合污染物的研究，且系统中农药的降解有明显的复杂性，与实验室模拟有差异。为进一步研究复合化学污染物在该生态系统中多介质多界面的环境行为提供了依据。     

天津市郊农田土壤中有机氯农药残留的局地分异

在天津3处典型污灌与非污灌农田各采集了10个表土样品，测定了其中α-HCH，β-HCH，γ-HCH，δ－HCH、p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD,p,p'-DDT和p'-DDT等8种有机氯农药含量，籍以研究该地区有机氯农药在地块中的局部分异。结果表明，所研究地块中两类化合物含量均表现出显著的非均一特征。其中污灌土地中的（DDT）以及污灌农田中的HCH含量都具有与灌溉方向密切相关的空间分布特征。这样的规律性空间变异导致他们的空间波动幅度高于其他地块。鉴于上述趋势性和非趋势性空间分异，在开展相关时人有必要在目标地块中采集重复样或混合样。     

不同性质天然水中铜在虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)鳃表的形态及对虹鳟的毒性

测定了在差异很大的4种水样(京密引水渠、北京地下水、长江南京段和汤旺河)中铜对虹鳟(Oncorhynchusmykiss)的半致死浓度,同步分析了各类水样参数和鳃铜蓄积量.用生物配位模型计算了铜在水相的形态分布和在鱼鳃表面的吸附量.研究了铜的水相形态、鳃表吸附量和鱼鳃蓄积量及毒性的关系.结果表明,铜的毒性与水相游离铜含量并无线性关系,但与鳃组织蓄积量成正比.图6参10     

荧光猝灭法测定菲、苊、芘与腐殖酸的结合常数

用荧光猝灭法测定了胡敏酸（Fluka）与苊、菲和芘相互作用的结合常数（KDOC），其lgKDOC值分别为4．4，4．48和4．89．用同样方法测得长江水生FA以及黑龙江水生FA和HA的KDOC之间有显著差别．HA的KDODC一般高于FA．黑龙江水生FA的KDOC高于长江．对同一来源的腐殖酸，三种多环芳烃的KDOC与KOW呈线性相关．     

土壤中残留苯磺隆的高效液相色谱分析

本文报道了一种固相萃取净化，高效液相色谱测定土壤中苯磺隆的残留分析方法，不同土壤的添加回收率平均为８３．３％，８６．３％，７７．２％，线性范围２．５５－５１０ｎｇ，利用本法分析苯磺隆，精确、简便、快速。