合肥市城市生活垃圾日月变化比较分析

通过对合肥市生活垃圾日、月产出量数据的比较分析,总结出合肥市生活垃圾月、年的变化趋势。城市生活垃圾在人口密集区明显要比人口稀疏区产出量大;根据温度变化在夏天比在冬天要多出很多;而在相同环境下商业消费的频繁与否也很大程度地影响生活垃圾产出量的多少,例如中国春节期间的生活垃圾产出量明显少于同月其他日子。结合合肥市的地理、人文等情况得出城市生活垃圾产出量的主要影响因素为:城市人口、经济水平和人均消费水平。人口基数大、增长快导致生活垃圾的巨增,大大加重了垃圾治理的负担。经济水平发展速度过快也使得垃圾的产生量和处理量不能相平衡,加速了环境的恶化。     

涕灭威污染体系研究现场土壤生态系统表征

以湖北省卢龙县刘天庄邵时各村农田生态系统为例，阐述了生态系统的表生方法，得出该生态系统利于做复合污染物的研究，且系统中农药的降解有明显的复杂性，与实验室模拟有差异。为进一步研究复合化学污染物在该生态系统中多介质多界面的环境行为提供了依据。     

Modeling and optimization of wet flue gas desulfurization system based on a hybrid modeling method

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is one of the main air pollutants from many industries. Most coal-fired power plants in China use wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) as the main method for SO₂ removal. Presently, the operating of WFGD lacks accurate modeling method to predict outlet concentration, let alone optimization method. As a result, operating parameters and running status of WFGD are adjusted based on the experience of the experts, which brings about the possibility of material waste and excessive emissions. In this paper, a novel WFGD model combining a mathematical model and an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to forecast SO₂ emissions. Operation data from a 1000-MW coal-fired unit was collected and divided into two separated sets for model training and validation. The hybrid model consisting a mechanism model and a 9-input ANN had the best performance on both training and validation sets in terms of RMSE (root mean square error) and MRE (mean relative error) and was chosen as the model used in optimization. A comprehensive cost model of WFGD was also constructed to estimate real-time operation cost. Based on the hybrid WFGD model and cost model, a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based solver was designed to derive the cost-effective set points under different operation conditions. The optimization results demonstrated that the optimized operating parameters could effectively keep the SO₂ emissions within the standard, whereas the SO₂ emissions was decreased by 30.79% with less than 2% increase of total operating cost.

Implications: Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is one of the main pollutants generated during coal combustion in power plants, and wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) is the main facility for SO₂ removal. A hybrid model combining SO₂ removal mathematical model with data-driven model achieves more accurate prediction of outlet concentration. Particle swarm optimization with a penalty function efficiently solves the optimization problem of WFGD subject to operation cost under multiple operation conditions. The proposed model and optimization method is able to direct the optimized operation of WFGD with enhanced emission and economic performance.     

Effects of surfactants on extraction of phenanthrene in spiked sand

Problems associated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated site in environmental media have received increasing attention. To resolve such problems, innovative in situ methods are urgently required. This work investigated the feasibility of using surfactants to extract phenanthrene on spiked sand in a batch system. Phenanthrene was spiked into Ottawa sand to simulate contaminated soil. Six surfactants, Brij 30 (BR), Triton X-100 (TR), Tergitol NP-10 (TE), Igepal CA-720 (IG), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) were used. Adjusting the extraction time, mixing speed and surfactant concentration yielded the optimum extracting conditions. The concentration of phenanthrene was identified with HPLC. Under the experimental conditions, results indicated that those surfactants were highly promising on site remediation since the residual phenanthrene concentration was effectively reduced. The optimum operating conditions were obtained at 30 min, 125 rpm and surfactant concentrations in 4%.     

Residual concentrations of micropollutants in benthic mussels in the coastal areas of Bohai Sea, North China

Studies of heavy metals and organic pollutants in different benthic mussel species from Bohai Sea show that concentrations of Cd in mussels commonly exceed national biological quality standards. In addition, a site located in Laizhou Bay exhibits higher average concentrations of As, Hg and Pb with respect to the other sites. Residual levels of petroleum hydrocarbons at several sites in Liaodong Bay also exceed quality guidelines. Contents and compositional characteristics of DDT and its metabolites in mussels suggest the probability of recent inputs and potential ecological risks to the local benthic environment.     

亚氧化钛纳米管阳极对水中甲萘威的电化学降解

为探究电化学阳极氧化技术降解水中甲萘威的效率和能耗,通过电化学氧化-自掺杂还原法制备了高活性亚氧化钛纳米管(Ti/Ti₄O₇-NTA)阳极,比较了其与Ti/Ti₄O₇、Ti/Ti₄O₇-PbO₂-Ce阳极电化学降解甲萘威活性;考察了电流密度、甲萘威初始质量浓度、电解质种类、溶液初始pH等参数对甲萘威降解率的影响;分析了甲萘威电化学反应能耗和电流效率。结果表明：Ti/Ti₄O₇-NTA阳极电化学活性较高,电化学降解甲萘威效率和溶液总有机碳去除率可达96.1%和80.2%;在pH为3~11时,甲萘威降解率为88.8%~92.1%,降解率随电流密度增大而增大,随初始质量浓度增大而减小;甲萘威电化学反应能耗和电流效率分别为215.3 kWh和66.1%。由此可知,Ti/Ti₄O₇-NTA阳极应用于电化学氧化处理有机农药废水具有良好潜力。本研究成果可为电化学氧化技术处理有机农药废水提供参考。     

废玻璃/铝渣人工沸石对水中Ca2+的吸附

利用废玻璃和铝渣制备沸石,进而表征沸石结构特征并研究其对水中Ca2+的吸附性能。采用批式实验考察不同温度下沸石用量、初始pH、振荡频率、接触时间对吸附量的影响,并研究吸附过程热力学、动力学特征。结果表明,吸附量随沸石用量增加而减小、随接触时间延长而增大。初始pH和振荡频率对吸附量影响较显著。温度变化对平衡吸附量影响不大,但升高温度可显著缩短吸附平衡时间。最佳工艺参数为：沸石用量20 g·L-1,初始pH 6~8,振荡频率150 r·min-1,接触时间60 min,此时吸附量约16 mg·g-1。Langmuir等温线最符合沸石吸附水中Ca2+过程,表明该过程是均质单分子层吸附。动力学特征最符合准二级动力学方程,证实该过程主要受离子交换、颗粒外液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散控制。该沸石对水中Ca2+吸附过程是物理吸附和化学吸附并存的自发、吸热、熵增过程。该沸石可较好地去除水中Ca2+,故具有一定软化硬水能力。     

NaOH预处理对杂交狼尾草厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

研究了NaOH预处理对杂交狼尾草厌氧消化制沼气的影响。采用质量分数分别为0%、2%、4%、6%和8%的NaOH溶液对杂交狼尾草进行碱预处理,在中温(35℃) 、TS质量分数6%、接种率20%及初始pH为7.0条件下,进行厌氧发酵实验。对比了处理前后原料木质纤维素含量,探讨了不同浓度预处理对发酵过程沼气产量、甲烷浓度、pH以及产气速率的影响。结果表明,NaOH预处理有助于提高杂交狼尾草厌氧发酵的产气量和产气速率,其中4%NaOH预处理为较优条件。经4% NaOH溶液常温浸润24 h后,杂交狼尾草木质素降解率最大,比未处理实验组提高了31.2%;厌氧发酵总产气量比未处理实验组提高了31.6%。     

铜山矿区周边农田土壤重金属来源解析及污染评价

为探明铜山矿区周边农田土壤重金属主要来源及污染程度,采集并测定了361个表层土壤（0～20 cm）样品重金属Ag、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn、 Mo、 Sb、 Ba、 As和Hg.利用PMF模型和IDW插值相结合的方法对研究区土壤重金属进行来源解析及空间分布特征分析.在传统物元可拓模型的基础上,引入Hakanson毒性响应系数修正权重系数对重金属污染水平进行评价,并将评价结果与Muller指数(I_geo)和Nemerow综合指数（P_N）进行对比.结果显示：（1）ω（Ag）、ω（Cu）、ω（Pb）、ω（Zn）、ω（Mo）、ω（Sb）、ω（Ba）、ω（As）和ω（Hg）均值分别为0.05、 19.32、 23.34、 62.89、 0.97、 0.87、 542.56、 8.88和0.07 mg·kg^-1,其中Zn和Hg均高出河南省土壤背景值,但低于农用地土壤污染风险管制值,研究区土壤9种重金属在空间上主要呈现岛状和片状分布.（2）修正权重系数的物元可拓模型评价结果显示,研究区仅有6.37%的表层土壤为清洁土壤,89.75%为尚...     

上海城市热岛效应的特征分析

根据上海市城区和郊区的６个Ｄａｖｉｓ自动气象观测仪，１９９８、１９９９年两年观测记录，分析了近年来上海市城市热岛的变化特征。结果表明：上海市全年出现城市热岛的概率为８５．１３％，大多数的热岛强度约为２～３℃，有时可以达到３～５℃，最大热岛强度可达７．３７℃；上海市城市热岛可分为Ａ、Ｂ两大类，Ａ类日变化较平稳，强度较弱，主要发生在春夏季节；而Ｂ类有明显的日变化，强度较大，基本上发生在秋冬季节，上海市