用最长连续无降水日建立宁夏的干旱预测概念模型

在相关普查及分析各因子物理意义的基础上,建立了宁夏不同程度干旱预测的概念模型,结果表明,影响宁夏全区不同程度干旱的大气及海洋强信号并不一定是线性关系,与大气及海洋各系统之间的相互配置,特别是高层与低层之间、中高纬与低纬之间、大气与海洋之间、各大气与海洋系统的强、弱之间及相对位置之间的配置等都有着非常重要的关系。     

突发公共安全事件的风险沟通难题——从心理学角度的观察

任何突发公共安全事件一定会影响到公众的心理,而公众的心理行为反过来又会对事件的发展演变产生巨大的影响。在危机发生时期,相关政府部门尤其需要了解突发事件中的公众心理,并通过科学地发布风险信息来减轻和化解社会心理压力,同时引导公众正确地认知风险。从风险沟通的角度入手,以问题形式报告了心理学界在风险认知及行为决策方面所积累的研究,希望这些研究成果能够为突发公共安全事件应急方案的制定提供心理学方面的理论依据。     

Biodiesel production from waste oil feedstocks by solid acid catalysis

Biodiesel is a non-toxic and biodegradable substitute for petroleum-based diesel. However, it is impractical to use refined edible oils to produce biodiesel due to its high cost and priority for food products, especially in China, while waste oils with high free fatty acids (FFAs) can be considered as the raw materials. In the present work, a solid acid catalyst comprising SO₄²⁻/TiO₂–SiO₂ was prepared, characterized and studied for its activity for the production of biodiesel from several low cost feedstocks with high FFAs. The solid acid catalyst can be recycled, easily removed and can simultaneously catalyze esterification and transesterification. The influence of reaction parameters was studied, and the optimized reaction parameters are reaction temperature 200 °C, molar ratio of methanol to oil 9:1 and catalyst concentration 3 wt.%. The catalyst showed good stability. A continuous process for biodiesel production from cheap raw feedstocks was proposed, and a 10,000-tonnes/year biodiesel production demonstration plant has been built.     

PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs in water samples from the Three Gorge Reservoir

The Three Gorge Reservoir (TGR) is the largest reservoir in China and its water quality is an important health concern, we have determined the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs in the water samples collected at three seasons: August 2004, January 2005 and August 2005. The results showed that the average WHO-TEQ of total dioxins-like compounds (PCDDs/PCDFs+PCBs) was 0.06558 pg l(-1), ranged from 0.0008 to 0.32439 pg l(-1), which are much lower than other reported water sources. The main dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) are hepta- and octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs). Since the levels of dioxins may change after the last water-store stage, the present study provides important data to compare the water quality in the TGR in the future.     

Seasonal air-water exchange fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Hudson River Estuary

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in the air and water over the Hudson River Estuary during six intensive field campaigns from December 1999 to April 2001. Over-water gas-phase SigmaPCB concentrations averaged 1100 pg/m3 and varied with temperature. Dissolved-phase SigmaPCB concentrations averaged 1100 pg/L and displayed no seasonal trend. Uncertainty analysis of the results suggests that PCBs with 5 or fewer chlorines exhibited net volatilization. The direction of net air/water exchange could not be determined for PCBs with 6 or more chlorines. Instantaneous net fluxes of SigmaPCBs ranged from +0.2 to +630 ng m(-2) d(-1). Annual fluxes of SigmaPCBs were predicted from modeled gas-phase concentrations, measured dissolved-phase concentrations, daily surface water temperatures and wind speeds. The net volatilization flux was +62 microg m(-2) yr(-1), corresponding to an annual loss of +28 kg/yr of SigmaPCBs from the Hudson River Estuary for the year of 2000.     

A novel pretreatment approach for fast determination of organochlorine pesticides in biotic samples

Recent studies have focused on enantiomeric behaviors of chiral organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in biotic matrix because they provide insights into the biotransformation processes of chiral OCPs. In the present paper, a double in-line column chromatographic method was developed to effectively remove the lipid impurity in different biotic samples for clean-up of OCPs. After an initial Soxhlet extraction of OCPs from the biotic samples by a mixture of acetone and dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was directly added to the extract, and low boiling point solvents (acetone and DCM) were then evaporated. OCPs remained in DMSO were eluted via column 1 filled with silicon gel, and subsequently passed through column 2 packed with 15% deactivated florisil. This novel method was characterized by significant time and solvent savings. The recovery rates of alpha-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane), beta-HCH, gamma-HCH and delta-HCH were 78.5+/-3.1%, 72.4+/-7.7%, 72+/-4.0% and 70.0+/-8.7%, respectively, and 92.5+/-3.8%, 79.7+/-6.7% and 83.4+/-6.5% for 1,1-dichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4- chlorophenyl) ethylene (o,p'-DDE), 1,1-dichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chloro phenyl)ethane (o,p'-DDD) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (o,p'-DDT), separately. In addition, the separation efficiencies of the target compounds by both achiral and chiral gas chromatographic columns were satisfactory using the established method. Therefore, the double in-line column chromatography was a useful alternative method for pretreatment of OCPs in different biotic samples.     

A combined plasma photolysis (CPP) method for removal of CS2 from gas streams at atmospheric pressure

A combined plasma photolysis (CPP) reactor that utilizes a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and 207 nm UV radiation from discharge-driven KrBr^* excimers was designed and constructed. Gas streams containing CS₂ were treated with stand-alone DBD and CPP at atmospheric pressure. In comparison to DBD, CPP greatly enhanced the removal efficiency at the same applied voltage, waste gas concentration and gas residence time. Thus the applied voltage could be reduced to a certain extent in the plasma processing of industrial wastes. Influences of the KrBr^* radiation, inlet CS₂ concentration and gas residence time on CS₂ removal by CPP were also studied. In addition, the likely reaction mechanisms for the removal of CS₂ by CPP are suggested based on the byproducts analysis. The enhanced removal efficiency and reaction mechanisms implied that the CPP process would probably be suitable for the removal of a large number of gaseous pollutants.     

Investigating interactions of phenanthrene with dissolved organic matter: limitations of Stern-Volmer plot

Although linear binding isotherms of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) with dissolved organic matter (DOM) are widely reported, several studies showed nonlinear HOC-DOM interactions. This study pointed out that fluorescence static quenching modeling (FSQM), which often uses a Stern-Volmer type plot to process the data from fluorescence quenching experiments, is conceptually different from the classic Stern-Volmer equation. We also emphasized that although linear Stern-Volmer plots are generally observed in literature, it does not necessarily indicate a linear HOC-DOM interaction. According to both mathematical simulation and laboratory sorption experiments in this study, nonlinear interactions could be concealed by the use of Stern-Volmer plot. Moreover, this study tested the two assumptions for applying FSQM to process binding data. Our results showed that binding coefficient (K(DOC)) for phenanthrene is neither independent of free solute concentration, nor DOM concentration, which is a critical limitation for using FSQM in a form of Stern-Volmer equation to examine HOC-DOM interactions. Therefore, the true characteristics of HOC-DOM interactions need to be examined using different ways of experimental design and data processing.     

区域大气环境模拟系统RegAEMS的研究进展

区域大气环境模拟系统RegAEMS是我国自主发展的空气质量模式之一,包含中尺度气象模式MM5/WRF/TAPM和大气环境模式AEM,并能与区域气候模式RegCM耦合,可以用于酸沉降、光化学烟雾、细颗粒物、重金属元素等大气污染的形成机理、模拟预测、管控对策、环境影响和气候效应研究.本文主要介绍RegAEMS的发展历程、框架结构和主要性能,重点介绍近期的模式改进和模拟验证情况.研究表明,改进的RegAEMS在硫酸盐、二次有机气溶胶、臭氧和氮沉降方面具有较强的模拟能力,可以用于区域大气复合污染模拟预测和管理控制的基础研究及业务应用.     

基于层次分析法和模糊综合评判方法的安全管理体系优选

为能在安全管理体系的选择工作中做出最优决策,首次建立用于企业安全管理体系的评价指标体系,综合考虑影响企业选择安全管理体系的暂时的、长期的、定量的、定性的等13个指标.简述层次分析法和模糊评判法的基本原理,通过层次分析法,确定各指标的权重集,将待选体系方案的指标因素转换为隶属矩阵,引入二元对比定权法确定定性指标的相对隶属度,从而建立模糊综合评判模型.使用MATLAB 7.1工具进行计算,最后得出各体系方案基于影响因素的综合优越度.将评判模型应用于工程实例,阐述主要过程和分析结果,得出实例中待选体系方案的优越度分别为90.66%、53.42%和84.29%,从而确定最适合企业的安全管理体系.