Occurrence and infection risk of waterborne pathogens in Wanzhou watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), formed by China’s Yangtze Three Gorges Project, is the largest lake in the world, but there is too little information available about fecal contamination and waterborne pathogen impacts on this aquatic ecosystem. During two successive 1-year study periods (July 2009 to July 2011), the water quality in Wanzhou watershed of the TGR was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and pathogens. According to Chinese and World Health Organization water quality standards, water quality in the mainstream was good but poor in backwater areas. Salmonella, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in the watershed. Prevalence and concentrations of the pathogens in the mainstream were lower than those in backwater areas. The estimated risk of infection with Salmonella, EHEC, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 2.9 × 10 -7 to 1.68 × 10-5 , 7.04 × 10-10 to 2.36 × 10-7 , 5.39 × 10-6 to 1.25 × 10-4 and 0 to 1.2 × 10-3 , respectively, for occupational divers and recreational swimmers exposed to the waters. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to the 95% upper confidence limit concentrations of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 2.62 × 10-5 , 2.55 × 10-4 and 2.86 × 10-3 , respectively. This study provides useful information for the residents, health care workers and managers to improve the safety of surface water and reduce the risk of fecal contamination in the TGR.     

地表水中高锰酸盐指数分析的质量控制

为了提高高锰酸盐指数项目测定的准确性,通过实验分析,从高锰酸钾的校正系数、蒸馏水空白值、水浴的温度、加热的时间、样品酸度、滴定的过程、滴定终点的判断等因素加以分析,找出其影响测定结果的原因。实验操作中,应注重上述因素的质量控制,以提高测试的准确性。     

氮源对氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸提废旧印刷线路板覆层铜的影响研究

采用摇瓶实验,在170rpm、30℃下,以氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)SW-02为浸提菌株,研究氮源对氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸提废旧印刷线路板覆层铜的影响。分析发现,以(NH4)2SO4作为氮源含量为1g/L时,浸提84h后铜浓度达到2.73g/L,铜的浸出效率较好。而采用(NH4)2HPO4作为氮源替代(NH4)2SO4,(NH4)2HPO4加入量在1g/L时效果较好,浸提84h后铜浓度达到3.52g/L。当(NH4)2HPO4在2g/L及以上时,会抑制细菌生长,导致浸出效率降低。实验结果表明,以(NH4)2HPO4作为氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长所需氮源,其浸出废旧印刷线路板覆层铜的效果优于(NH4)2SO4,最佳含量为1g/L。     

Assessment models and dynamic variables for dynamic life cycle assessment of buildings: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Life cycle assessment (LCA) is widely used to quantify the environmental performance of buildings. Recently, the potential temporal variations in the...     

连续极端降雨对东江流域水质影响分析

为研究连续极端降雨对饮用水源型河流东江水质的影响,分析流域近38年极端降雨事件发生特征,并结合水文水质数据初步分析其对水质的影响.基于SWAT2012建立东江流域高精度模型,研究极端降雨过程中主要污染物通量变化过程及其对水质的影响.结果表明,东江流域近38年极端降雨事件共发生173次,丰水年频次要高于其他年份,年内受气候影响主要集中在3～9月(80%),峰值主要出现在降雨量最高的6月;在空间上增城-博罗-惠州-龙门一带极端事件发生频率最高.降雨量与浊度、TP、氰化物、Pb、Fe和Mn的浓度值均呈显著正相关,其中与浊度、TP的相关系数相对较高,与p H、电导率和Zn的浓度值等呈极显著负相关,水质在一定程度上受到降雨的影响.浊度、TN、NH4+-N及TP浓度值均在暴雨径流期出现不同程度的上升趋势,其中浊度和TP浓度值变化趋势与流量呈显著一致,其峰值出现要早于流量峰值(约1 d),存在显著初期冲刷效应; p H变化过程则与流量相反,成"V"字形,可能是受上游山区降雨、土壤酸碱度及产汇流条件影响; NH4+-N受初期冲刷及洁净雨水稀释则呈现前期高,中后期低的特征.污染物负荷与径流量变化趋势较为一致,TN、NH4+-N及TP污染通量峰值要晚于(约1d)流量峰值的出现,这与污染物浓度峰值出现规律不同;污染物负荷主要在暴雨径流期呈现明显增加趋势,以59. 48%的径流量输送污染物占比达到了:COD 68. 42%、NH4+-N 54. 68%和TP 70. 20%,呈现时间短、污染物负荷冲击强等特点,对东江饮用水源水质造成较大的影响,建议通过强化初期雨水治理减少暴雨径流期对水质风险的影响.     

HSO3-强化Fe3+/S2O82-降解水中双氯芬酸

采用HSO₃^-强化Fe³⁺/S₂O₈^2-降解水中双氯芬酸（DCF）,考察了溶液初始pH值,Fe³⁺、HSO₃^-和S₂O₈^2-用量,溶解氧对HSO₃^-/Fe³⁺/S₂O₈^2-体系降解DCF的影响;通过自由基淬灭实验,识别了体系中主要的活性物种;最后,探讨了DCF在该体系中的降解产物和转化路径.结果表明：HSO₃^-可以明显促进Fe³⁺/S₂O₈^2-对DCF的降解,初始pH 4.0时,DCF降解效果最佳.DCF的降解速率随Fe³⁺或S₂O₈^2-浓度的增大而增大;适量增加HSO₃^-浓度可提高DCF的降解,而过量的HSO₃^-对DCF降解有一定抑制作用.在通入氮气条件下,DCF去除率仅下降10.4%,无明显的抑制作用.自由基抑制实验表明,该体系含有SO₄^·-、HO^·和SO₅^·-3种活性自由基,其对DCF降解的贡献率分别为83.0%、12.8%和4.3%.在HSO₃^-/Fe³⁺/S₂O₈^2-降解DCF的反应中共检测出4种产物,据此提出DCF可能的转化路径为：羟基化、脱羧基、脱水和甲酰化反应.     

不同源胡敏酸对磺胺嘧啶紫外光降解的影响及作用机制

研究了紫外光照条件下不同来源的胡敏酸（HA）,包括标准品胡敏酸（SPHA）、水稻土胡敏酸（SDHA）、泥炭土胡敏酸（NTHA）和落叶覆盖地胡敏酸（LYHA）对抗生素磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）光降解的影响以及主要活性物种对其光降解效能的贡献.结果表明：SDZ在纯水中及与HA共存条件下,其光降解过程均符合一级动力学模型,且HA对SDZ的光降解具有促进作用,其促进效果从大到小为SPHA > SDHA > NTHA > LYHA.通过羟基自由基（·OH）和单线态氧（¹O₂）淬灭实验发现,不同来源HA产生·OH和¹O₂的能力具有一定差异性.同等背景条件下,SPHA产生的·OH量相对较多,其对SDZ光降解的贡献率（26.97%）最大,而LYHA贡献相对较小（9.33%）.同时,¹O₂对SDZ光降解起主导作用,其降解贡献率为41.33%~51.95%.     

碱溶液中DMPO-OH加合物EPR信号形成研究

为考察碱溶液中DMPO-OH加合物的形成情况及其影响因素,以NaOH溶液为对象,利用EPR（electron paramagnetic resonance,电子顺磁共振）技术,通过DMPO（5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯啉-N-氧化物）自旋捕获,对不同条件下NaOH溶液中DMPO-OH加合物的形成及变化规律进行研究,探讨DMPO-OH加合物的生成过程及降解过程反应机制.结果表明:①将DMPO添加到碱溶液中后,在EPR内检测到典型的DMPO-OH四重特征峰（1:2:2:1）,说明碱溶液中形成了DMPO-OH加合物.②紫外光激发下,碱溶液体系能产生更强的DMPO-OH加合物特征信号,暗反应体系次之,可见光条件下最弱.③体系中DMPO-OH加合物的生成与碱溶液浓度密切相关,当c（NaOH）由0.001 mol/L增至2 mol/L时,DMPO-OH加合物的EPR信号峰呈先增后减最终几乎消失的变化趋势.④紫外光照时间对体系中DMPO-OH加合物的存在影响显著,随着光照时间的延长,DMPO-OH加合物的浓度并没有逐渐增高,而是更加倾向于逐渐降低的趋势,这可能是由于形成的DMPO-OH加合物在短时间内被淬灭或分解.⑤碱溶液中DMPO-OH加合物的生成过程为瞬态过程,降解过程占主导,并且紫外光在其生成及降解过程中发挥了重要作用.研究显示,当c（DMPO）为350 mmol/L、c（NaOH）为0.1 mol/L、紫外光照时间为15 min时,碱溶液中DMPO-OH加合物的EPR信号最佳.      

栾树对湘潭锰尾矿土不同处理方式下植被修复盆栽实验

锰矿废弃地植被修复可促进矿区生态环境的改善和经济的可持续发展,植被修复方法和技术措施对锰矿废弃地的修复至关重要,混合基质中尾泥和尾渣的配置比例与配置方式也是提高植物存活率的关键技术措施.本研究采用栾树进行锰矿废弃物(尾泥和尾渣)盆栽试验,探讨不同混合比例处理方式下锰尾矿废弃物的特性以及栾树对重金属锰的植物修复效果.结果表明:(1)锰矿尾泥呈酸性,尾渣呈碱性,尾渣中全Mn和有效Mn含量高于尾泥,二者混合基质的p H值和全Mn含量则随着尾渣含量所占比例的增加而升高,但有效Mn含量则逐渐降低.(2)不同比例的尾泥和尾渣混合基质可以有效改善土壤的物理性质,提高栾树的存活率和改善植物的生长状况;随尾泥含量的增加,栾树总生物量增多,生产力提高,当V(尾渣)∶V(尾泥)=3∶1时的栾树生产力与对照土壤中的栾树生产力相当.(3)从栾树各器官的Mn富集量、生物富集系数和转移系数来看,栾树不属于Mn超富集植物,但作为Mn的低积累植物,属于Mn的耐性树种,具有较强的适应性,可用于锰矿废弃地的植物稳定修复.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, surface soil and wheat grain near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in northern China

The total concentrations and component profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air, surface soil and wheat grain collected from wheat fields near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in Northern China were determined. Based on the specific isomeric ratios of paired species in ambient air, principle component analysis and multivariate linear regression, the main emission source of local PAHs was identified as a mixture of industrial and domestic coal combustion, biomass burning and traffic exhaust. The total organic carbon (TOC) fraction was considerably correlated with the total and individual PAH concentrations in surface soil. The total concentrations of PAHs in wheat grain were relatively low, with dominant low molecular weight constituents, and the compositional profile was more similar to that in ambient air than in topsoil. Combined with more significant results from partial correlation and linear regression models, the contribution from air PAHs to grain PAHs may be greater than that from soil PAHs.