Lead in paddy soils and rice plants and its potential health risk around Lechang lead/zinc mine, Guangdong, China

As part of a project on phytoextraction of lead (Pb) in paddy soils around a lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) Mine in Lechang of Guangdong Province, South China, the concentration distribution of Pb in paddy soil-rice system was investigated, and its potential health risk to animal/human was evaluated. Total and diethylenetetraminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Pb in soils averaged 1486 and 268 microg/g, respectively. According to sequential extraction procedure, soil Pb occurred primarily in the residual, carbonate and exchangeable fractions (30.2%, 26.7% and 19.1%, respectively). Lead extracted by the gastric juice simulation test (GJST) was 1068 microg/g and accounted for 75.4% of the total concentration. Mean Pb concentrations of 419 microg/g in rice root, 69.1 microg/g in whole straw, 51.0 microg/g in part straw (without two leaves near above the root), 44.9 microg/g in stalk, 21.9 microg/g in hull, 13.2 microg/g in grain with hull and 4.67microg/g in grain without hull (namely, unpolished rice) were found. Lead concentrations in both soil and rice plant were far above the corresponding tolerable levels. Lead daily intakes by local residents were 2.6 mg for adults and 1.2 mg for children, which were much higher than the allowable level. Thus, Pb in this area might pose a potential health risk to the local population.     

Accumulation of heavy metals in four grasses grown on lead and zinc mine tailings

A field experiment was conducted to compare the growth and metal accumulation of Vetiveria zizanioides, Paspalum notatum, Cynodon dactylon and Imperata cylindraca var. major on the tailings, amended with 10 cm domestic refuse complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment A), 10 cm domestic refuse(Treatment B) and complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment C) respectively, and without any amendment used as control (Treatment D). The results indicated that V. zizanioides was a typical heavy metal excluder, because the concentrations in shoots of the plants were the lowest among the four plants tested. The most of metal accumulated in V. zizanioides distributed in its root, and transportation of metal in this plant from root to shoot was restricted. Therefore, V. zizanioides was more suitable for phytostabilization of toxic mined lands than P. notatum and C. dactylon, which accumulated a relatively high level of metals in their shoots and roots. It was also found that I. cylindraca var. major accumulated lower amounts of Pb, Zn and Cu than C. dactylon and P. notatum, and could also be considered for phytostaliUsaton of tailings. Although the metal(Pb, Zn and Cu) concentrations in shoots and roots of V. zizanioides were the lowest, the total amounts of heavy metals accumulated in shoots of V. zizanioides were the highest among the four tested plants due to the highest dry weight yield of it. The results indicated that V. zizanioides was the best choice among the four species used for phytoremediation (for both phytostabilization and phytoextraction) of metal contaminated soils.     

我国10城市冬季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染及呼吸暴露风险评价

大气中颗粒物和多环芳烃对环境与人体健康危害较大,已引起社会各界的广泛关注。以我国10个城市2013年12月和2014年1月大气中空气动力学直径小于10μm的颗粒物(PM10)为研究对象,采用硅胶-氧化铝层析柱净化分离、气质联用仪分析的方法测定了27种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度水平,分析其谱分布及空间分布,并通过呼吸暴露途径估算了癌症病发增量(ILCRs)和人群归因危险度百分比(PAF)。结果表明,27种物质的总浓度为13.72~2 002 ng·m-3;在10个城市中晋中总浓度最高,厦门最低。PAHs空间污染水平呈现北方高于南方、东部沿海城市浓度相对较低的趋势。温度与总浓度有相关性。在27种PAHs中,占主导地位的单体为荧蒽(FLA,7.56%~19.8%),芘(PYR,6.72%~13.8%),艹屈(CHR,12.8%~19.6%)和苯并(k)荧蒽(Bk F,8.59%~15.5%),4者占到多环芳烃总浓度的42.1%~64.3%。根据研究区域苯并[a]芘(Ba P)人口加权浓度估算ILCRs范围为8.94×10-6~4.77×10-4,据此计算的PAFs为0.487%~13.2%,均值为3.44%,高于全国平均水平1.6%。上述研究结果为大气颗粒物中PAHs的研究提供重要的数据基础。     

九江市区城市生活垃圾现状及处理对策研究

本文调查了九江市城区生活垃圾现状,发展趋势,确定了影响九江市生活垃圾发生量的主要因素,提出了发生量与人口、气化率、废品回收和生活水平之间的定量模型,并以不同方法对未来垃圾发生量进行了预测,最后对城市垃圾的卫生填埋、生态工程处理、堆肥和焚烧四种处理方法的经济、技术和环境效益进行了比较与分析,提出九江市区生活垃圾应采取堆肥和生态工程处理相结合的方法。     

南黄海海水中各种形态磷的分布变化特征

利用 1998年 5月南黄海大面调查所得到的数据和相关的历史资料 ,对南黄海海水中P的现状及其分布变化规律进行了分析 :南黄海海水中P的含量底层略高于表层 ,且主要存在形式是DOP ;底层水中颗粒态磷和溶解态磷的形态间转化与表层不同 ,可能是通过DOP为煤介进行的 ;在南黄海海水中 ,溶解态磷酸盐的分布主要是受生物活动的影响 ,可以作为赤潮发生的一个预测因子 ;南黄海的大部分区域N、P供应充分 ,属于中等营养海区。     

羟基药剂杀灭压载水单胞生物研究

当前尚无一种有效的治理压载水外来入侵有害生物的方法。羟基氧化电位高达 2 80V ,它与压载水中入侵的有害细菌、微藻生物的反应属于游离基反应 ,致死微生物的反应速度极快 ,在压载水外排 (或输入 )过程中就可致死入侵微生物 ,致死微生物的羟基阈值为 0 7mg/L。羟基对入侵微生物具有广谱致死特性 ,它是杀灭微生物的绿色理想药剂 ,不存在药剂长期污染等问题     

连续流态下以城市污水培养好氧颗粒污泥及颗粒特性研究

在连续流气提式好氧颗粒污泥流化床(CAFB)反应器中,以低浓度的城市污水作为营养基质,絮状污泥作为接种污泥,采用逐级递增负荷的运行方式培养好氧颗粒污泥.研究了CAFB中颗粒污泥的形成过程、颗粒性质和污泥中生物多样性.结果表明,CAFB反应器启动的第6 d即有大量颗粒污泥形成,颗粒直径800～1 000μm.CAFB运行12 d后,污泥浓度MLSS达到6 000 mg·L-1,SVI值稳定在35 mL·g-1左右,胞外聚合物的质量分数与接种前相比有了较大的增长,并具有丰富的生物相和较高的生物量,各项运行指标基本趋于稳定.扫描电镜观察颗粒污泥主要由球菌和杆菌组成,颗粒中含有大量的孔隙和通道.装置稳定运行后,对COD的去除率保持在70%～75%,出水COD的浓度维持在70 mg·L-1左右.在装置运行32 d后,丝状菌大量繁殖,发生污泥膨胀.可见,在CAFB中可以快速形成好氧颗粒污泥,且对污染物具有良好的去除效果,但其运行稳定性还有待深入研究.     

酿造污泥的农业利用对地下水的影响

本文通过模拟渗滤实验对酿造残渣(NovoGro)在天津地区农业利用可能产生的环境影响-氮素对地下水的潜在污染———进行了比较系统的研究。结果表明,氮素(主要是NO3-)在土壤中的迁移和积累行为在不同作物和土壤条件下是有差异的。在水田中施用NovoGro,不会引起水体的氮素污染问题;旱田(小麦)表层土壤和下渗水中NO3--N的含量则随NovoGro的施用量的增加而增加,当施用量达到45t/hm2时足以造成地表径流和地下水的NO3--N污染。     

北京市城区主要交通干线的噪声测量与分析

通过对北京市城区二环路、三环路和长安街等交通主干道的昼间交通噪声监测分析 ,发现各干道交通负荷重 ,且噪声普遍超标。城市各部分发展的不平衡导致车流量、车型、路况的差异 ,也使得交通噪声在空间上差异明显。当车流量较大时 ,道路两侧交通噪声在时间上基本呈正态分布。     

估算多氯联苯在鱼体中生物富集因子的片段常数法

根据４０种ＰＣＢ的实测数据建立了估算ＰＣＢ在鱼体中生物富集系数的片段常数模型,建模化合物的ｌｇＢＣＦ在２．６５－５．９７之间,ｌｇＫｏｗ则在３．８８－８．１８之间,由于特定氯取代位的影响以及在此Ｋｏｗ范围内ＢＣＦ与化合物憎水性之间的非线性关系,简单的片段常数模型不能有效估算ＢＣＦ。