制药行业典型企业VOCs排放特征及处理技术比较

为研究制药行业采用不同工艺生产不同产品所产生的挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特征,以及评估不同废气处理技术对VOCs排放的影响,以山东省淄博市两个典型制药企业A、B为研究对象,采集了不同生产工艺、不同处理技术的的VOCs样品,采用分歧系数法比较了不同排放环节的臭氧前体物(PAMs)源谱相似性;以非甲烷总烃(NMHC)表征了VOCs总体排放情况;应用实测法计算了制药行业的排放因子;选用净化效率这一指标评估了不同废气处理技术对VOCs排放的影响。结果表明,淄博制药行业典型企业A、B的平均VOCs排放量为1.56 g∙kg⁻¹,是《大气挥发性有机物源排放清单编制技术指南》限值的1/276。不同生产工艺下的PAMs排放特征存在显著差异,发酵类企业排放的PAMs以芳香烃和烷烃为主,经过RTO处理后,芳香烃类物质占比从49%升高到58%,其他物质占比均有降低,而经过“水喷淋+UV光氧”处理后,烷烃类物质占比从75%降低到69%,其它物质占比均有升高。化学合成类企业排放PAMs以烷烃为主,经过“冷凝+喷淋+活性炭吸附”处理后各类物质占比几乎无变化。不同处理技术对不同种类PAMs的净化效率不同,“UV光氧+水喷淋”更适用于污水站对VOCs和异味的去除,而RTO更适用于处理高浓度VOCs的废气。     

水力停留时间对曝气生物滤池处理效能及运行特性的影响

通过实验室模型试验研究了曝气生物滤池处理模拟生活污水的效能,分析了水力停留时间(HRT)变化对曝气生物滤池处理效果及运行特性的影响规律。研究发现,当HRT大于0.6h时,曝气生物滤池具有良好的有机物和浊度的去除效果,而当HRT为0．4h时,处理效果则显著下降;反应器的硝化反硝化脱氮能力受HRT的影响比较明显,缩短HRT将使氨氮和总氮去除率迅速下降,当HRT为1.25h时,氨氮和总氮去除率分别达到70%和40％以上;缩短HRT会在一定程度上促进亚硝酸盐积累现象的发生。而反应器的过滤周期则与HRT呈明显的线性关系。     

基于多目标模糊优选模型的水资源优化调度——以山西东山供水工程区为例

水库水调度是典型的多目标优化问题,目标和决策过程都存在模糊性.在概述多目标模糊优选模型的内涵及其目标权重的确定方法的基础上,将该模型用于山西东山供水工程区7个水库的水环境质量评价,并进而开展了12条水库水调度路线优选.研究结果表明该方法可行、有效,对工程区水资源管理及其优化配置具有指导意义.     

拮抗菌对黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内生物活性

测定了从沤肥浸渍液和土壤中分离并筛选得到对黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内生物活性的6个菌株,编号为94－I、94－Ⅱ、94－Ⅲ、96－Ⅰ和98－Ⅱ,测定其孢子悬浮培养16h时对黄瓜枯萎菌的抑制率分别为48．29％、0．00％、60．69％、39．28％、61．29％和72．32％,孢子和菌丝有的变畸形并产生大泡囊;平皿拮抗试验表明,其活体浓度为50％时对黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑制率最大分别为74．52％、83．27％、90．60％、88．59％、89．35％和94．30％;而其相同浓度高压蒸汽灭活后的代谢产物对黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑制率最大分别为33．215、52．22％、62．84％、46．57％、47．61％和70．34％。     

Response to organic enrichment of infaunal macrobenthic communities under salmonid seacages

The response of infaunal macrobenthic communities beneath salmonid seacages to solid organic wastes (food pellets and fish excreta) was tested by means of the ABC-method (abundance, biomass comparison method: Warwick 1986) on samples collected from the SAFCOL seafarm at Badger Cove, southeast Tasmania, from February to July 1988. The intermittent nature of the addition of organic waste allowed us to monitor decline and recovery of the macrofauna, i.e., harvesting of a cage permitted a period of recovery whilst restocking precipitated a decline. The ABC-method proved to be a sensitive indicator of community health. Under a normal feeding regime the macrofaunal community structure indicated a moderately disturbed condition. Only 7 wk after the cage was harvested, species richness had increased markedly and the community adopted an undisturbed condition. Further improvement was apparent 14 wk post-harvest. Similarly, a decline to a moderately disturbed condition was apparent 7 wk after restocking and species richness had declined. No such changes occurred under a cage which contained fish continuously over the same period.     

防灾减灾系统工程的国际对比分析及建议

针对我国现存的灾害状况,本文通过国际对比的方法,对其他国家已有的减灾系统工程作了简单介绍,并结合我国实际,对未来建立减灾系统工程中应着重加强的薄弱环节作了分析,提出了加强立法工作,增加减灾投入,建立全国统一的减灾通讯系统的建议。     

Multi-criteria evaluation of suitable locations for temporary disaster waste storage sites: the case of Cavite,Philippines

One of the problems that arise due to typhoon and flooding is the generation of large volumes of disaster wastes, which poses threats to the environment and human health when not managed properly. This study focused on the identification of suitable locations of temporary storage sites (TSS) for disaster wastes using geographic information system to address gaps in disaster waste management. A set of criteria for selection was established based on the guidelines of the United Nations Environment/Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Joint Unit (UNEP/OCHA), with constraints set based on existing guidelines and past studies. Map layers were standardized using Boolean logic, and the criteria were analyzed using ArcGIS Pro and Google Earth Pro. Areas in the Province of Cavite having high disaster risks, particularly Cavite City, Noveleta, and Kawit, were selected as study sites. From the analysis, a total of 18 TSS candidates were identified. It was determined that land use and distances from fishponds and built-up areas were the most sensitive criteria as they cover large portions of the area. For each TSS candidate, a 15-min service area map was generated using the ArcGIS Pro Network Analyst which showed that selected locations may serve multiple cities/municipalities.

     

曝气催化铁内电解法预处理混合化工废水

采用曝气催化铁内电解法对上海某工业污水场的进水进行预处理,降低了后续生化处理中难降解有机物的负荷,并较大程度地去除了正磷酸盐。废水中的有机物及正磷酸盐在两周的稳定运行中平均去除率分别达到52％和70％。废水经预处理后,pH平均上升0．5。     

处理生物难降解物质的有效方式--共代谢

介绍了共代谢的类型、特点和影响因素。共代谢过程针对各种生物难降解物质需选择各自合适的一级基质，而且一级基质与难降解物质需保持合适的浓度比；共代谢过程中微生物不仅需要足够的C、N、P等营养元素，而且微量营养元素的加入也是必须的。考虑各方面因素并有效地控制才能使难降解物质达到较高的共代谢率。     

铁屑微电解法深度处理油田钻井污水

采用化学混凝-铁屑微电解法深度处理钻井污水。确定了最佳工艺条件：铁屑与活性炭的质量比为0．5，反应时间为2h，污水pH为1．0，温度为常温，反应后用石灰乳调节污水pH至12。处理后钻井污水COD可由原水的8065mg／L降至430mg／L，COD去除率大于94％，色度去除率达100％，达到国家综合污水三级排放标准。