潮白河周丛生物群落元素组成与水质变化的生态计量学关系研究

研究了潮白河流域中污染水体对周丛生物群落的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素含量以及生态计量组成的影响.结果表明,下游潮白河NH4+-N、NOx--N分别占TN的52%和28%;上游白河则分别占1.6%和38%.潮白河TP含量(0.104 mg.L-1)为白河TP含量(0.005 mg.L-1)的21倍.白河和潮白河周丛生物C、N、P元素的变异系数分别为0.55、0.41、0.62和0.24、0.13、0.18,表明生长于白河周丛生物的元素结构变化更大.无周丛生物的水体NH4+-N和TP的浓度分别为有周丛生物的21倍和11倍.通过对TOC、TN、NOx--N、NH4+-N、TP、pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)和电导率(conductivity)等水质指标进行二元Logistic回归分析得知,水体TP为影响潮白河周丛生物生存的主要因素,其预测正确率为87.3%.周丛生物C、N、P元素间有强相关性,其中N起了"桥梁"作用.生态计量学分析进一步显示周丛生物的N∶P的比值追随水体TN∶TP的变化;并且该比值主要受水体TP浓度影响.周丛生物N∶P可用于水体TN∶TP变化的生态计量学的指示因子.本研究为进一步探究周丛生物群落结构变化,以及对高一级营养级生物群落结构和元素循环的影响奠定了基础.     

土壤铅-苯并[a]芘复合污染对小麦种子生长的影响研究

研究了土壤中低含量铅(Pb)-苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)复合污染对小麦种子萌发率、根伸长、芽伸长以及芽根比的影响,以期考察复合污染的生态效应并筛选具有指示土壤污染程度的指标.结果表明,小麦种子萌发率对Pb-B[a]P单一及复合污染均不敏感;Pb和B[a]P单一污染时小麦根伸长均受到一定程度的抑制作用;复合污染条件下Pb...     

含油污泥无害化处置优化研究及生命周期评价

提出含油污泥的优化处置方案,并通过生命周期评价方法(LCA)对优化方案进行环境影响评价。结果表明,与原处置工艺相比优化后环境负荷降低了99.62%。     

Resistance and biosorption mechanism of silver ions by Bacillus cereus biomass

Biosorption of silver ions onto Bacillus cereus biomass was investigated. Overall kinetic experiments were performed for the determination of the necessary contact time for the attainment of equilibrium. It was found that the overall biosorption process was best described by pseudo second-order kinetic model. The crystals detected by scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested the precipitation was a possible mechanism of biosorption. The molecular genetics of silver resistance of B. cereus biomass was also detected and illustrated by a whole cell sensor tool.     

高温状态下受热时间对膨润土物性指标的影响∗

高温状态下膨润土的物性指标变化是高放核废物深地质处置库设计的重要参数之一。通过高温状态下不同受热时间MX80钠基膨润土的比重、液塑限、自由膨胀率试验,研究了受热时间对膨润土基本物性指标的影响规律;并通过热重分析(TGA)、X衍射(XDR)、电镜扫描(SEM)试验,从微观角度对上述变化规律进行了合理解释。研究结果表明:随着受热时间的增加,膨润土的比重、液塑限、自由膨胀率在受热15～30天内急剧下降,降幅分别为2.5%、3.1%和28.3%,之后各值变化量很小;高温状态下,膨润土的矿物成分转化、结合水脱附、微观形貌改变是膨润土物性指标发生变化的根本原因,三者之间相互作用和彼此影响。     

A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed and its experimental performance in eutrophication remediation

Numerous studies on eutrophication remediation have mainly focused on purifying water first, then restoring submerged macrophytes. A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed （RPIFB） was designed to combine the processes of water purification and macrophyte restoration simultaneously. Two outdoor experiments were conducted to evaluate the ecological functions of the RP1FB. Trial 1 was conducted to compare the eutrophication purification among floating bed, gradual-submerging bed （GSB） and RPIFB technologies. The results illustrated that RPIFB has the best purification capacity. Removal efficiencies of RPIFB for TN, TP,NH4＋-N, NO3-N, CODcr, Chlorophyll-a and turbidity were 74.45%, 98.31%, 74.71%, 88.81%, 71.42%, 90.17% and 85%, respectively. In trial 2, influences of depth of GSB and photic area in RPIFB on biota were investigated. When the depth of GSB decreased and the photic area of RPIFB grew, the height of Potamogeton crispus Linn. increased, but the biomass of Canna indica Linn. was reduced. The mortalities of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Bellamya aeruginosa in each group were all less than 7%. All results indicated that when the RPIFB was embedded into the eutrophic water, the regime shift from phytoplankton-dominated to macrophyte-dominated state could be promoted. Thus, the RPIFB is a promising remediation technology for eutrophication and submerged macrophyte restoration.     

Experimental study on filtration and continuous regeneration of a particulate filter system for heavy-duty diesel engines

This study investigated the filtration and continuous regeneration of a particulate filter system on an engine test bench, consisting of a diesel oxidation catalyst（DOC） and a catalyzed diesel particulate filter（CDPF）. Both the DOC and the CDPF led to a high conversion of NO to NO2 for continuous regeneration. The filtration efficiency on solid particle number（SPN） was close to100%. The post-CDPF particles were mainly in accumulation mode. The downstream SPN was sensitively influenced by the variation of the soot loading. This phenomenon provides a method for determining the balance point temperature by measuring the trend of SPN concentration.     

Aerobic granules cultivated and operated in continuous-flow bioreactor under particle-size selective pressure

A novel method based on the selective pressure of particle size （particle-size cultivation method, PSCM） was developed for the cultivation and operation of aerobic granular sludge in a continuous-flow reactor, and compared with the conventional method based on the selective pressure of settling velocity （settling-velocity cultivation method, SVCM）. Results indicated that aerobic granules could be cultivated in continuous operation mode by this developed method within 14 days. Although in the granulation process, under particle-size selective pressure, mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） in the reactor fluctuated greatly and filamentous bacteria dominated the sludge system during the initial operation days, no obvious difference in profile was found between the aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM and SVCM. Moreover, aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM presented larger diameter, lower water content and higher specific rates of nitrification, denitrifieation and phosphorus removal, but lower settling velocity. Under long term operation of more than 30 days, aerobic granules in the continuous-flow reactor could remain stable and obtain good chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH4^＋-N, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） removal. The results indicate that PSCM was dependent on the cultivation and maintenance of the stability of aerobic granules in continuous-flow bioreactors.     

2013年1月京津冀地区强雾霾频发成因初探

基于2001-2013年的气象观测数据和环境空气质量监测数据,针对京津冀地区1月同期的雾霾天数、能见度、环境空气污染物浓度等展开分析,结果表明:2013年1月京津冀地区平均雾霾天数发生了21.7 d;污染物浓度超标严重,高浓度的颗粒物成为强雾霾频发的重要原因,PM10月均浓度为0.317 mg/m3,PM2.5为0.219 mg/m3;1月份京津冀地区气象要素表现为地面风速小、相对湿度高、大气层结稳定,更加促进大气污染物累积,并有利于颗粒物吸湿增长,致使空气质量恶化,强雾霾事件频发。     

基于GIS的长沙市洪涝灾害风险动态评估

运用GIS技术的空间分析与建模功能构建洪涝灾害风险评估模型,以长沙市地理基础数据、遥感数据、气象水文、社会统计数据为基础,从洪涝灾害的危险性、暴露性、敏感性三个角度出发,对长沙市洪灾风险进行动态评价.结果表明：与1994年相比,2010年长沙市洪灾敏感性有所增加,暴露性上升,洪灾风险增大;从空间分布上看,长沙市区及望城区由于地势平坦,湘江干流贯穿其中,加之经济发达,因而洪灾风险较高;而西部的宁乡县和东部的浏阳市洪灾风险较低;提出了有针对性的防洪措施.该评价结果与实际情况相符,可为洪灾风险管理与决策提供科学依据.