Monitoring atmospheric nitrous oxide background concentrations at Zhongshan Station, east Antarctica

At present,continuous observation data for atmospheric nitrous oxide(N_2O) concentrations are still lacking,especially in east Antarctica.In this paper,nitrous oxide background concentrations were measured at Zhongshan Station(69°22′25″S,76°22′14″E),east Antarctica during the period of 2008–2012,and their interannual and seasonal characteristics were analyzed and discussed.The mean N_2O concentration was 321.9 n L/L with the range of 320.5–324.8 n L/L during the five years,and it has been increasing at a rate of 0.29% year-1.Atmospheric N_2O concentrations showed a strong seasonal fluctuation during these five years.The concentrations appeared to follow a downtrend from spring to autumn,and then increased in winter.Generally the highest concentrations occurred in spring.This trend was very similar to that observed at other global observation sites.The overall N_2O concentration at the selected global sites showed an increasing annual trend,and the mean N_2O concentration in the Northern Hemisphere was slightly higher than that in the Southern Hemisphere.Our result could be representative of atmospheric N_2O background levels at the global scale.This study provided valuable data for atmospheric N_2O concentrations in east Antarctica,which is important to study on the relationships between N2 O emissions and climate change.     

结构可靠性的概率设计法综述

综述了目前国际上结构可靠性设计法领域现有的概率设计法,如随机有限元法、一阶及二阶可靠性设计法、蒙特卡罗法及拉丁超立方采样法、随机过程及随机场。讨论了具有代表性的概率设计法,如多项式混沌扩展法及KL变换。基于随机过程概念的随机扩展法具有良好的分析收敛特性,直接采用随机扩展法进行随机分析是一种高效的可靠性解算方法。Karhunen和Loeve基于由协方差函数导出的正交坐标函数,分别对连续时间过程进行了描述,KL变换能有效减少相关数据集的维度。当协方差函数已知时,可采用KL扩展法表征不确定性系统的随机特征;而当结构响应的协方差函数未知时,可采用PCE代替KL扩展法来表示这种类型的不确定性。出于对工程系统性能的严格要求,安全及可靠性余量的进一步缩小,加之严酷的市场竞争等因素,结构可靠性的概率设计法将迅速在多学科设计领域中得到广泛应用并产生显著的工程及经济效益,有力地推动我国装备质量的跨越式发展。     

杭州市环境污染第三方治理现状及发展对策

环境污染第三方治理是污染治理的新思路,是治污模式的转变和专业化分工的必然结果.杭州市在环境污染第三方治理方面尚处于摸索和自发阶段,主要在城市生活污水、生活垃圾收集处理、农村生活污水设施运维等领域有较多实践,与其它城市存在类似的发展问题:缺乏明确的政策支持、家底了解不全面、相关方责任划分不明确、第三方市场机制未建立等.通过摸清家底、明确相关方责任、建立第三方治理的准入退出机制、改善投融资环境、开展试点工作等,能初步推动杭州市环境污染第三方治理的健康发展.     

Toughening of Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel Through Co-Crosslinking and its Wastewater Treatment Performance by Immobilizing with Microorganism

In order to improve the hydraulic impact resistance of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel as microorganism immobilization carrier and meet the requirements of long-time aeration of sewage treatment, the toughening PVA hydrogel beads were prepared by co-crosslinking with polyoxypropylene triol (PPG) through the boric acid (H₃BO₃)-chemical crosslinking method. It was found that PPG could increase the consumption of H₃BO₃, participated and accelerated the crosslinking reaction of PVA, and the pore size of the surface layer and core layer of the hydrogel beads can be controlled. With increasing PPG content, the shear storage modulus (G’) and the effective network density (ν_e) increased first, reached maximum in presence of 2 wt% PPG, and decreased afterwards. A relatively low content of PPG could promote the formation of relatively uniform and dense network structure in PVA hydrogel, resulting in an improvement of the mechanical property and long-term hydraulic stability of the gel beads. By addition of PPG, the capillary water absorption capacity of PVA hydrogel can be enhanced and the high permeability can be kept well. When applying in waste water treatment, the value of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and COD removal rate of the PVA hydrogel immobilized with activated sludge had no obvious difference with addition of PPG, and a high microbial activity can be maintained.     

Modeling time-dependent toxicity to aquatic organisms from pulsed exposure of PAHs in urban road runoff

Understanding of the magnitude of urban runoff toxicity to aquatic organisms is important for effective management of runoff quality. In this paper, the aquatic toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban road runoff was evaluated through a damage assessment model. Mortality probability of the organisms representative in aquatic environment was calculated using the monitored PAHs concentration in road runoff. The result showed that the toxicity of runoff in spring was higher than those in summer. Analysis of the time-dependent toxicity of series of runoff water samples illustrated that the toxicity of runoff water in the final phase of a runoff event may be as high as those in the initial phase. Therefore, the storm runoff treatment systems or strategies designed for capture and treatment of the initial portion of runoff may be inappropriate for control of runoff toxicity.     

高层建筑火灾安全疏散二级灰关联评估

高层建筑内人员集中,垂直疏散距离长,烟气垂直方向扩散快,火灾情况比一般建筑内的复杂,因此需要对其火灾时的安全疏散进行评估.通过比较几种安全评估模型,根据高层建筑火灾的特点,用灰关联评估方法建立了高层建筑火灾安全疏散二级灰关联评估模型,对评估模型标准参考矩阵进行了分析并提出了因素权重的选取方法.该模型通过比较样本矩阵和标准参考矩阵的关联度,划分安全等级,并在评估对象中找出影响安全疏散的关键因素,指出薄弱环节,量化改进方案,然后在改进的基础上评估样本的安全疏散等级,再找出改进措施,直到目标系统样本的安全疏散评估等级达到安全等级.通过实例,验证了该模型的可行性.     

汶川地震典型教学楼附加BRB支撑防倒塌加固效果分析

以汶川地震震中附近的一栋典型RC框架结构为背景,采用BRB支撑加固来增强其抗震能力,并采用基于动力增量分析(IDA)的地震倒塌易损性分析方法,对加固后的抗倒塌能力及其影响参数进行了分析。结果显示,以结构抗倒塌能力为目标,BRB支撑方案的加固效果要好于普通支撑加固方案,相同参数情况下,A形支撑布置方案的加固效果好于X形支撑布置方案。     

垂直流湿地处理低浓度生活污水的水力负荷

在5种水力负荷条件下,采用连续进水、间歇排水的运行方式,对2种垂直流湿地处理低浓度生活污水的去除效果进行了研究.结果表明,在水力负荷为0.085,0.106,0.141,0.212m³/(m²d)的条件下,多层填料(1#)湿地和双层填料(2#)湿地对COD_Cr和NH_{4⁺-N的去除无明显差异,出水CODCr和NH4⁺-N浓度均低于30mg/L和5mg/L.两垂直流湿地CODCr净化负荷与有机污染负荷之间呈显著的正相关关系(n=4R2>0.98).垂直流湿地中氮的去除主要是依靠微生物的硝化和反硝化作用;进水水质、水力负荷和温度等影响湿地系统硝化和反硝化作用的进行,水力负荷为0.141m³/(m²d)时,总氮(TN)去除效率与有机污染负荷呈正相关.}     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定废水中总铬

研究环境样品中总铬用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定。选择不同实验条件 ,确定了最佳的分析条件 ,并通过标准样品和实验样品的分析 ,验证了方法的准确度和精密度。实验证明 ,此方法快速方便、准确度高、精密度好。