日光照射对街道峡谷污染物扩散影响的研究

为了分析日光照射对城市街道峡谷机动车污染物扩散的影响．对街道峡谷日光照射的物理模型进行了简化．采用数值模拟技术对日光照射下的城市街道峡谷内气体流动和机动车污染物扩散规律进行了研究。结果表明．在一定条件下。日光照射是研究城市街道峡谷内污染物扩散必须考虑的因素。在污染物扩散受日光照射影响较大的街道峡谷内部．当街道地面或迎风面受日光照射时．街道峡谷内部将出现2个方向相反的漩涡，并导致迎风面建筑物一侧的污染物浓度升高．这与不计日光照射的特征有显著的不同。     

VA菌根对土壤中DEHP降解的影响

以豇豆为供试植物，分别接种泡囊丛枝菌根（VAM）真菌Acaulospora lavis（光壁无梗球囊霉，菌号：34）和Glomus caledonium（苏格兰球囊霉，菌号：90036），研究VA菌根对菌根际（A）、菌丝际（B）和常规土（C）土层中不同浓度DEHP（4、20、100mg/kg）降解的影响。试验持续60d。结果表明：接种VAM真菌促进了DEHP在A、B、C土层中的降解，尤其在B层的降解，说明菌丝在DEHP降解和转移过程中起了重要作用。其中34号菌接种效果较为显著，A、B土层中的DEHP残留浓度分别比不接种最大下降25．1％和10．1％。受VAM直接影响的A、B土层中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量呈下降趋势，而在C层中呈增加趋势，A、B、C土层中土壤中性磷酸酶活性也呈现出同样变化趋势。微生物数量和中性磷酸酶活性的下降可能会影响VA菌根在DEHP降解中的作用。     

离子色谱法测定酸沉降样品中的阳离子

用新型的阳离子分离柱和抑制柱分析雨水中的阳离子（Ｎａ＾＋、ＮＨ４＾＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｃａ＾２＋）对这种方法的准确性和可行性进行了论证。     

城市污水污泥农用资源化研究

污水污泥是城市污水处理的副产品，如若处理不当，将会造成二次污染，本文针对污水污泥农用的现状，分析农作资源化志水污泥的出路及在应用中出现的问题。     

广东区域酸雨污染模拟研究

运用数值模拟方法，使用一年365日的风速资料、12个月的降水资料和环境监测资料以及年平均的污染源资料，对广东地区的酸雨污染进行了较细致的分析。结果认为，以日为基础的累积计算，对于提高模拟酸雨污染的能力是很有帮助的。广东省的酸雨污染主要是由自身排放的污染物造成，外来的污染是次要的，在广东边界地区发现受到外省污染的显著痕迹。     

Dynamics of microcystins-LR and -RR in the phytoplanktivorous silver carp in a sub-chronic toxicity experiment

A sub-chronic toxicity experiment was conducted to examine tissue distribution and depuration of two microcystins (microcystin-LR and microcystin -RR) in the phytoplanktivorous filter-feeding silver carp during a course of 80 days. Two large tanks (A, B) were used, and in Tank A, the fish were fed naturally with fresh Microcystis viridis cells (collected from a eutrophic pond) throughout the experiment, while in Tank B, the food of the fish were M. viridis cells for the first 40 days and then changed to artificial carp feed. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure MC-LR and MC-RR in the M. viridis cells, the seston, and the intestine, blood, liver and muscle tissue of silver carp at an interval of 20 days. MC-RR and MC-LR in the collected Microcystis cells varied between 268-580 and 110-292 microg g(-1) DW, respectively. In Tank A, MC-RR and MC-LR varied between 41.5-99.5 and 6.9-15.8 microg g(-1) DW in the seston, respectively. The maximum MC-RR in the blood, liver and muscle of the fish was 49.7, 17.8 and 1.77 microg g(-1) DW, respectively. No MC-LR was detectable in the muscle and blood samples of the silver carp in spite of the abundant presence of this toxin in the intestines (for the liver, there was only one case when a relatively minor quantity was detected). These findings contrast with previous experimental results on rainbow trout. Perhaps silver carp has a mechanism to degrade MC-LR actively and to inhibit MC-LR transportation across the intestines. The depuration of MC-RR concentrations occurred slowly than uptakes in blood, liver and muscle, and the depuration rate was in the order of blood>liver>muscle. The grazing ability of silver carp on toxic cyanobacteria suggests an applicability of using phytoplanktivorous fish to counteract cyanotoxin contamination in eutrophic waters.     

改良A2/O工艺的工程实践

城市污水处理厂采用多点进水的改良A2/O生物脱氮除磷工艺,取得了较好的脱氮除磷效果.在工艺运行中,通过采取有效的调控措施,保证了生化池脱氮除磷各反应单元的溶解氧要求,得到了较佳的工艺运行参数控制范围.     

Effects of Fe2O3, organic matter and carbonate on photocatalytic degradation of lindane in the sediment from the Liao River,China

Fourteen sediment samples with different content of Fe₂O₃ were collected from the lower reaches of the Liao River in China. The photodegradation of lindane on the surfaces of these sediments was investigated to observe the effects of Fe₂O₃ and other photoinducable substances, such as TiO₂ and organic substances, on photodegradation of lindane. A partial least-squares (PLS) analysis model was developed to find out the statistical relationship between the photodegradation and the contents of these photoinducable substances. It was concluded from the PLS analysis that inorganic carbon and organic carbon have negative effects, whereas Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ accelerate the photodegradation of lindane in the sediment samples when 365 nm UV light was used as light source. In all cases of the experiments, the photodegradation of lindane in the sediment samples were fitted for pseudo-first-order kinetics.     

Nutrient dynamics and the eutrophication of shallow lakes Kasumigaura (Japan), Donghu (PR China), and Okeechobee (USA)

We compared the nutrient dynamics of three lakes that have been heavily influenced by point and non-point source pollution and other human activities. The lakes, located in Japan (Lake Kasumigaura), People's Republic of China (Lake Donghu), and the USA (Lake Okeechobee), all are relatively large (> 30 km2), very shallow (< 4 m mean depth), and eutrophic. In all three lakes we found strong interactions among the sediments, water column, and human activities. Important processes affecting nutrient dynamics included nitrogen fixation, light limitation due to resuspended sediments, and intense grazing on algae by cultured fish. As a result of these complex interactions, simple empirical models developed to predict in-lake responses of total phosphorus and algal biomass to external nutrient loads must be used with caution. While published models may provide 'good' results, in terms of model output matching actual data, this may not be due to accurate representation of lake processes in the models. The variable nutrient dynamics that we observed among the three study lakes appears to be typical for shallow lake systems. This indicates that a greater reliance on lake-specific research may be required for effective management, and a lesser role of inter-lake generalization than is possible for deeper, dimictic lake systems. Furthermore, accurate predictions of management impacts in shallow eutrophic lakes may require the use of relatively complex deterministic modeling tools.     

Triazines in the aquatic systems of the Eastern Chinese Rivers Liao-He and Yangtse

The results of a one-year monitoring program on the two Eastern Chinese River systems, i.e. the Liao-He and the Yangtse, with special emphasis on the presence of triazine herbicides are presented. Sediment, suspended solids and water samples from both rivers were analyzed. Additionally, recovery experiments on the SPE-in-field-enrichment procedure and the extraction methods were performed. The samples were measured by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, electron capture detection and a newly developed mu-plasma atomic emission detector. A typical result of a one-year monitoring was obtained in case of the Liao-He: During winter, at low water period, low triazine values were found. A similar situation was found in early spring. Highest concentrations of atrazine up to 1600 ng/l were found in late spring in the water samples. Maximum concentrations of atrazine, simazine, propazine, simetryn and prometryn were observed in this season as a result of the actual use of triazines. Finally, after the high water period in autumn the triazine concentrations decreased. Additionally, atrazine adsorbed on sediment (up to 2.8 ng/g) and suspended solids was determined (up to 8 ng/l) during late spring sampling. Therefore, the logarithm of the organic carbon based sorption coefficient of atrazine could be calculated. Low levels of atrazine were measured in the water of Yangtse (up to 18.3 ng/l). The concentrations from all sampling points and sampling stations of a particular sampling date were similar, which indicates a homogeneous distribution of this herbicide. Due to the high discharge rate of up to 79,000 m3/s in case of the Yangtse a considerable mass transport of up to 57.5 kg per day atrazine may take place, even at concentrations below the European drinking water limit of 100 ng/l.