Nitrogen pollution of waters has sometimes caused severe eutrophication, leading to the death of fishes and most aquatic life. There is therefore a need for efficient and cost-effective methods to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich wastewaters. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is a promising process to remove nitrogen because this process directly oxidizes ammonium (NH4+) to dinitrogen gas (N2) under anoxic condition. Nonetheless, a challenge of this process is that chemolithoautotrophic Anammox bacteria grow slowly at the beginning, thus resulting in low Anammox biomass and instability of reactors. Such issues can be overcome by granulation of the Anammox sludge. Here, we review the characteristics of the Anammox bacteria, and the formation, structure and flotation of Anammox granules under high hydraulic loadings. We also evaluate the performances of full-scale granular Anammox processes. The major points are: 1) Anammox bacteria secrete a large amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), up to 415 mg g?1 of volatile suspended solids (VSS), containing many hydrophobic functional groups that facilitate biomass granulation. 2) Granulation enhances the sludge settling property and retention time, which contributes to the extremely high nitrogen removal rate of 77 kg m?3 d?1 of Anammox upflow reactors. 3) Flotation of Anammox granules frequently occurs under nitrogen removal rate higher than 10 kg m?3 d?1, which is mainly due to the overproduction of EPS under high hydraulic conditions. 相似文献
Transfer station, incineration plant, and landfill site made up the major parts of municipal solid waste disposal system of S city in Eastern China. Characteristics of volatile compounds (VCs) and odor pollution of each facility were investigated from a systematic perspective. Also major index related to odor pollution, i.e., species and concentration of VCs, olfactory odor concentration, and theoretic odor concentration, was quantified. Oxygenated compounds and hydrocarbons were the most abundant VCs in the three facilities. Different chemical species were quantified, and the following average concentrations were obtained: transfer station, 54 VCs, 2472.47 μg/m3; incineration plant, 75 VCs, 33,129.25 μg/m3; and landfill site, 71 VCs, 1694.33 μg/m3. Furthermore, the average olfactory odor concentrations were 20,388.80; 50,677.50; and 4951.17, respectively. The highest odor nuisance was detected in the waste tipping port of the incineration plant. A positive correlation between the olfactory and chemical odor concentrations was found with R2 = 0.918 (n = 15, P < 0.01). The result shows odor pollution risk transfer from landfill to incineration plant when adopting thermal technology to deal with the non-source-separated waste. Strong attention thus needs to be paid on the enclosed systems in incineration plant to avoid any accidental odor emission.
In order to decrease the heat rejection pressure of heat pump using pure working fluid, CO2 or R744, other natural component including hydrocarbons (R290, R600a, R600, R1270, R170, R601) and dimethyl ether (RE170) is added to CO2, respectively, and then six binary mixtures are achieved. By environmental and thermodynamic comparisons, R290 is selected to be the most appropriate component candidate to mix with CO2, and meanwhile to weaken the flammability and explosivity for pure R290. Then, the system performances of heat pump using mixture of CO2 and R290 were experimentally studied when R290 is added to CO2 with a small fraction, and compared with that of the pure CO2. The experimental test rig is designed and set up for the transcritical heat pump system. When the refrigerant charge is variable, the heating coefficient performance, optimum heat rejection pressure, compressor power, mass flow rate of refrigerant, and total heat coefficient of gas cooler were researched. The variation ratios of heating coefficient performance and heating capacity with deviation from the optimum refrigerant charge were also investigated. The optimum refrigerant charge of CO2/R290 is obtained and the research results show that the addition of R290 to CO2 can efficiently reduce the heat rejection pressure and improve the system performance. The results in the present work could provide useful guidelines for the design and operation of heat pump system using CO2-based mixture. 相似文献
Agricultural activities, especially reclamation, are considered major threats to the wetland ecosystems in Sanjiang Plain,
the largest concentrated area of the freshwater wetlands in China. In the past decades, the area of the cultivated land and
its grain production have been increased at the cost of wetlands shrinkage. The large-scale land reclamation severely affected
the ecosystems in this region. However, such effects at the regional scale are seldom evaluated quantitatively. We used three
datasets of LANDSAT MSS and/or TM imagery to estimate the area changes and the transition of land use types from 1980 to 2000.
We also valued changes in ecosystem services delivered by each land category using value coefficients published by Costanza
et al. [Nature 387, 1997, 253–260]. Sensitivity analysis suggested that these estimates were relatively robust. Finally, the contribution
of various ecosystem functions was ranked to the overall value of the ecosystem services in this study. According to our estimates,
the total annual ecosystem service values in Sanjiang Plain have declined by about 40% between 1980 and 2000 ($156284–182572.18
million in total over 20 years). This substantial decline is largely attributed to the 53.4% loss of wetlands. For individual
ecosystem functions, waste treatment, water supply and disturbance regulation account for more than 60% to the total ecological
values. During those two decades, the contribution of disturbance regulation, cultural and recreation decreased, while the
contribution of water regulation, nutrient cycling, food production, raw materials and climate regulation increased during
the same period. We also put forward a few proposals concerning the future land use policy formulation and sustainable ecosystems.
They are adjusting the ‘food first’ agricultural policy, establishing more nature reserves for wetlands, creating systems
for the rational use of water, harnessing the degraded cultivated land and encouraging eco-tourism. 相似文献
We compared differences in plant species diversity between conifer (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantations and natural secondary forests in the middle of the Loess plateau. The goal of the study was to examine the differences
in the effect of stand development on species diversity and in species responses to changes between forest types and between
forest layers. To clarify the effects of differences in forest management, we emphasized the functional types of plant species
occurring in each forest type. The result as follow: (1) The H′ and S of tree layer were significantly lower in natural conifer forest than old conifer and secondary forest, but were not different
compared with mid aged conifer forest. The H′ and S of shrub layer were significantly lower in mid aged conifer forest compared with other forest types. The H′ of herb layer showed no significant differences in the four forest types. The evenness index (J′) of tree layer of mid aged conifer forest was lower than other forest communities and its J′ of shrub layer was highest although its richness of shrub layer was lower than in the other forest types. (2) The analysis
of β diversity index also indicated large differences between conifer plantations and natural forests. Although the tree layer
species were similar in old plantation and natural conifer forests, they differed greatly between the natural conifer and
secondary forests. The natural conifer and secondary forest species composition in shrub layer differed significantly from
those in plantation and secondary plots. Tree species were significantly less common in plantations than in abandoned coppice
forests. Species composition in the herb layer of different forest types was similar. (3) The management of P. tabulaeformis plantations alters plant species composition considerably; the number of sub tall-tree species is increased in old aged conifer
forest, especially species dispersed by animals. Plantation management appears to affect ecological processes through seed
dispersal. From the perspective of management, the change in the structure and composition of the canopy in plantations could
affect the behavior of dispersers and regeneration. 相似文献