Characteristics and source identification of fine particulate n-alkanes in Beijing, China

Ambient particulate n-alkanes were determined for fine particle (PM2:5) samples collected from Sep 2003 to July 2004 in Beijing, China. The average concentration of total n-alkanes (Pn-alkanes) from C11 to C34 was 425.72 ng/m3, ranged from 7.02 to 2893.28 ng/m3. The concentration distributions of n-alkanes homologues in this study exhibited peaks at C21 and C29 in heating season, and C29 in non-heating season. The average carbon preference index (CPI) value was 1.88 in the range of 1.18–3.88. The maximum CPI in summer indicated the contribution of biogenic origins such as plant wax; while the minimum CPI value in winter was probably a result of fossil fuel combustion. Preliminary estimation from these results showed that 59% of the n-alkanes in PM2:5 in Beijing summer originated from plant wax, while 74%–88% was from fossil fuel combustion in other three seasons. Source estimation was further performed using principal component analysis method. Two major components were yielded accounting for 57.3% and 30.9% of the total variance, which presented the fossil fuel and biogenic contribution, respectively.     

A novel four-way combining catalysts for simultaneous removal of exhaust pollutants from diesel engine

A novel four-way combining catalysts containing double layers was applied to simultaneously remove four kinds of exhaust pollutants(NOx,CO,HC and PM) emitted from diesel engine.The four-way catalysts were characterized using scanning electron microscope(SEM) and Ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV-Vis DRS).Their catalytic performances were evaluated by temperature-programmed reaction technology.The double layer catalysts could effectively remove the four main pollutants.The highest catalytic activity was given by the two-layered catalysts of La0.6K0.4CoO3/Al2O3 and W/HZSM-5.Under the simulated exhaust gases conditions,the peak temperature of the soot combustion was 421°C,the maximal conversion of NO to N2 was 74%,the temperature of the HC total conversion was 357°C,and the maximum conversion ratio of CO was 99%.     

可持续发展综合国力的理论分析

分析了综合国力的内涵,对比分析了综合国力与相关概念的关系,回顾了关于综合国力的研究历程.基于可持续发展的原则和生态系统服务能力的理念,提出了可持续发展综合国力的概念,并研究了可持续发展综合国力的重要意义.     

重金属对蚕豆(vicia faba)根尖的核酸含量及核酸酶活性影响的研究

Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺在低浓度作用下,随处理浓度的升高,刺激蚕豆(Vicia faba)DNA含量(处理浓度分别低于10.0、0.50、50.0ppm)和RNA含量(处理浓度分别低于10.0、50.0、50.0ppm),DNase活性(处理浓度均低于10.0ppm)和RNase活性(处理浓度分别低于20.0、10.0、50.0ppm)相应地升高;当处理浓度超过相应浓度时,DNA和RNA含量以及DNase与RNase活性随浓度升高而降低。Hg²⁺在小于0.05ppm时使RNase活性升高,高于该浓度使其降低,其它各指标无上述规律性变化。重金属对核酸代谢的影响结果取决于植物组织的适应性反应与金属离子的毒性反应的强度。文章还讨论了金属离子特征和可能存在的不同代谢活动的抗性诱导体系对植物毒性的影响,以及蛋白质的代谢活动对植物适应性水平的影响。     

State of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in China: an overview

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), extensively used as flame retardants, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are found in both abiotic and biotic environmental samples. Sufficient evidence shows that PBDEs have been rapidly accumulating in the environment of China, especially in the Southeast regions. This paper summarizes and critically reviews the published scientific data on PBDEs in China, including the levels of PBDEs in the air, soil, water, sediment, the terrestrial and marine organisms, and human samples in China. The data preliminarily reveal the state of PBDEs in China.     

Acidic pharmaceuticals in domestic wastewater and receiving water from hyper-urbanization city of China (Shanghai): environmental release and ecological risk

The occurrence, behavior, and release of five acidic pharmaceuticals, including ibuprofen (IBP), naproxen (NPX), ketoprofen (KEP), diclofenac (DFC), and clofibric acid (CA), have been investigated along the different units in a tertiary-level domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in hyper-urbanization city of China (Shanghai). IBP was the most abundant chemicals among the measured in raw wastewater. The loads of the acidic pharmaceuticals in the WWTP influent ranged from 7.5 to 414 mg/day/1,000 inh, which were lower than those reported in the developed countries suggesting a less per capita consumption of pharmaceuticals in Shanghai. IBP obtained by highest removal (87 %); NPX and KEP were also significantly removed (69–76 %). However, DFC and CA were only moderately removed by 37–53 %, respectively. Biodegradation seemed to play a key role in the elimination of the studied pharmaceuticals except for DFC and CA. An annual release of acidic pharmaceuticals was estimated at 1,499 and 61.7 kg/year through wastewater and sludge, respectively, from Shanghai. Highest pharmaceuticals concentrations were detected in the effluent discharge point of the WWTP, indicating that WWTP effluent is the main source of the acidic pharmaceuticals to its receiving river. Preliminary results indicated that only DFC in river had a high risk to aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, the joint toxicity effects of these chemicals are needed to further investigate.     

PCR-DGGE技术解析A2/O工艺好氧单元中微生物群落结构

应用PCR-DGGE方法,追踪了汉沽工业废水处理中好氧工艺的活性污泥系统中微生物群落结构动态变化过程及其微生物群落结构组成。研究结果表明:系统中的微生物群落结构随水质变化而变化,随着培养时间的延长,微生物群落结构趋于稳定,分别属于5大类群,与γ、δ、α、ε变形杆菌(Proteobacterias)、芽孢杆菌(Bacilli)的亲缘关系较近。其中γ变形杆菌是该废水处理过程中的主要菌群,包括Pseudomonas sp.、Rheinheimera sp.、Citrobacter sp.、Klebsiella sp.、Enterbacte-riaceae、Stenotrophomonas maltophilia、Acinetobacter。在整个系统中uncultured Pseudomonas sp.、Halobacillus sp.、Pseudomonassp.、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Acinetobacter sp.可稳定存在于系统中,为该污水处理系统中的优势微生物。因此,提高Halobacillussp.、Pseudomonas sp.、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Acinetobacter sp.菌属在系统中的数量和质量,有利于提高废水生化处理的效果。     

微型群桩预支护高陡边坡模型试验研究

山区房建工程中常通过开挖边坡拓展用地空间,对于存在潜在滑动面的高边坡进行削坡处理会降低坡体安全系数,诱发滑坡灾害,造成财产与人员损失。开展微型群桩支护高边坡的物理模型试验,研究微型群桩在高陡边坡支护中的受力变形状态。试验结果表明:钢管微型群桩对高陡边坡的支护效果较好,未支护时坡体在削坡完成后沿预设滑面滑动破坏,采用微型群桩支护后削坡过程高边坡变形被有效抑制,坡体由不稳定状态提高至安全系数1.5。三排桩的受力分布规律相近,抗滑段土压力成倒三角分布,滑面以上20cm土体推力最为集中。由于第一排桩间无法形成有效土拱作用,第二排桩体受力明显,一至三排桩抗滑段的受力分配比例约为1.3∶2∶1。试验结果为山区高边坡的预支护设计提供了参考。     

珠海近岸海域表层沉积物中的重金属及生态危害评价

为了研究珠江口近海海域重金属的污染状况,2009年8—12月对珠海珠江口4个站点的表层沉积物进行了6次采样,测定了表层沉积物中重金属Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、Fe和金属Al的质量分数,分析了它们质量分数间的相关性,依据Lars Hakanson提出的沉积物中金属污染物评价方法,对Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg、Cu和Zn等6种典型重金属的潜在危害进行了评价。结果表明,Cd、Cu和Zn是该调查区域的主要重金属污染物,应该予以优先控制和治理。位于马骝洲水道入海口的S1位点上,金属元素（Cd除外）质量分数的季节特征是秋季（丰水期）〈冬季（枯水期）,重金属危害指数（RT）为轻微级,重金属潜在生态危害系数（Eir）顺序为Cd〉Hg〉Pb〉Cu〉Zn〉Cr;在S2位点,Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni和Fe的平均质量分数为秋季〉冬季,其它5种金属则为秋季〈冬季,RT为强级;在S3、S4位点上,8种金属元素（Hg、Mn除外）的质量分数呈现秋季〉冬季的现象,RT为很强级;S2、S3和S4站点的Eir均表现为Cd〉Hg〉Cu〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr的顺序。     

燃油锅炉燃烧过程SO2的生成与排放特征

燃料燃烧过程是大气污染物的重要来源之一,对人体健康、空气质量和气候变化产生非常重要的影响。以62台燃油锅炉（≤10.5 MW）的燃料特性分析数据和SO₂排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,研究了燃油燃烧过程中燃油硫含量S和过量空气系数α对硫的转化率、SO₂排放因子和排放浓度的影响,获得了基于燃料消耗量、燃料发热量的SO₂排放因子EF_C、EF_H以及SO₂标态折算浓度C′_SO2与硫含量S间的关联式。结果表明,在过量空气系数α＞1的燃油燃烧过程中,EF_C、EF_H、C′_SO2与燃油硫含量S呈现出显著的线性正相关性,而与过量空气系数α无关,其关系式分别为：EF_C=18.86602×S,EF_H=443.78751×S ,C′_SO2＝1 509.28337×S;硫转化率η和基于燃料硫含量的SO₂排放因子EF_S则与燃油硫含量S和过量空气系数α无关,其平均值分别为96.3％和1.93 kg/kg。