Effect of varying two key parameters in simulating evacuation for subway stations in China

With the rapid development in economics, subway systems have been constructed in many big cities of China. Computer evacuation models developed overseas are commonly applied in working out safety management scheme. However, input evacuation parameters are not compiled from surveying passenger behavior in China. In fact, very few studies were conducted on justifying such parameters. Staircases in subway stations, particularly those connecting the platform and the ticket hall, are identified as the ‘bottleneck’ during evacuation in the subway stations. The maximum upstairs speed and the average minimum width of staircase utilized per person are the two key parameters affecting the evacuation through the staircase. Effect of varying these two parameters will be studied in this paper by taking two subway stations in China as examples. Evacuation performance is predicted with the software buildingEXODUS. The default values in the software are used and adjusted through field survey. Effect of varying either or both of the two parameters is discussed. The possible causes on the differences and the factors to affect such effect are explored. It is found that changing both parameters simultaneously would reduce the overall evacuation time by 50%. The effect of varying the two parameters on the overall evacuation performance of the whole station depends also on the occupancy density in the station; and the travel distance from the outlet of the staircase between the platform and the ticket hall to the inlet of the staircase between the ticket hall and the ground surface.     

赤泥基纳米零价铁对多金属污染土壤修复效果

为实现重金属复合污染（Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd）土壤同步修复,构建土壤-小白菜体系,探究赤泥（RM）、纳米赤泥（RMn）以及纳米赤泥负载纳米零价铁（RMn-nZVI）这3种不同赤泥基钝化剂对Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd复合污染土壤的修复效果与机制,并考察土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd形态分布对小白菜积累Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的控制作用.结果显示,3种钝化剂施用可显著提高土壤pH,降低土壤酸可提取态（F1）Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd含量,增加残渣态（F4）含量,最终钝化效果表现为：RMn-nZVI>RMn>RM.此外,3种钝化剂显著降低了小白菜可食用部分Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的积累,其中RMn-nZVI处理下降低程度最高,Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd含量分别下降35.11%、45.05%、69.52%和59.63%.结果表明,纳米赤泥负载纳米零价铁新型钝化材料在重金属复合污染土壤修复领域具有一定的应用潜力.     

考虑侧壁阻力的顺层边坡失稳机制及稳定性评价∗

侧壁阻力作用下,顺层边坡主滑方向将偏离岩层倾向,其变形及失稳机制具有典型特征。以四川盆地马边河流域某顺层边坡为例,基于其工程地质条件,总结顺层边坡不同变形区域的特征,结合失稳边界条件研究了考虑侧壁阻力的顺层边坡失稳演化机制;最后,对比主滑方向偏离岩层倾向与否的受力差异,分析考虑侧壁阻力的顺层边坡三维稳定性,并研究了各影响因素的作用效应。结果表明：（1）考虑侧壁阻力的顺层边坡变形可划为失稳滑走区、滑坡区和稳定区,滑坡区包含滑动区和蠕滑变形区,滑动区岩体滑动后解体风化为碎、块石土,蠕滑变形区受侧壁阻力影响岩体仅变形拉裂;（2）顺层边坡经岩体劣化和前缘临空后,总体呈下部滑动、中部蠕滑拉裂的顺层临空-后退式破坏;滑动区边界受前缘及侧壁临空控制,长度与侧壁冲沟下切段长度相近;蠕滑变形区部分侧壁由节理面转化为挤压带,侧壁阻力增大,稳定性高于临界失稳状态;受侧壁阻力及滑体厚度控制,蠕滑变形区与稳定区界限处因滑体厚度削薄而拉裂;（3）建立了考虑侧壁阻力的顺层边坡稳定性系数计算式,以及岩层倾角δ、滑面倾角α、主滑方向偏离岩层倾向夹角β 三角度间的换算关系式,侧壁摩擦系数和β 越大,侧壁阻力越利于顺层边坡稳定。     

六种表面活性剂对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应

为评价六种常见农药表面活性剂对水生生物的风险,采用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术,研究其对斑马鱼胚胎的致死效应和致畸效应.结果表明,NP-10、OP-10、农乳700、农乳602、农乳1602、宁乳33对斑马鱼胚胎的致死中浓度分别为16.44、21.13、55.86、8446、109.90、120.08 mg·L-1,其中NP-10对斑马鱼胚胎急性毒性最大,宁乳33毒性最低;随着染毒剂量的增加,斑马鱼胚胎孵化率逐渐降低,致畸率逐渐提高,六种表面活性剂显示出相似的趋势,处理浓度与胚胎孵化率(致畸率)之间存在剂量-效应关系;NP-10、OP-10、农乳700处理组均诱导斑马鱼胚胎出现躯干侧翻、游囊关闭、躯干弯曲症状;农乳602、农乳1602、宁乳33处理组出现躯干侧翻、游囊关闭症状.     

Study on the control of high ore pass dust pollution by pre-injection foam dedusting technology in the ore bin

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The impact airflow generated by ore unloading in the chute raises the dust carried by the ore itself and the floating dust, and then, the dust raised...     

垃圾填埋场对地下水污染的模拟研究

在对长春市某垃圾填埋场进行野外调查的基础上 ,于室内进行了垃圾淋滤模拟实验。分析了垃圾渗滤液污染组分的自然衰减规律 ,建立了垃圾填埋场地下水污染的数值模型 ,采用FEFLOW软件对其进行模拟和预报 ,并取得了较好的效果 ,最后提出防止和防治垃圾填埋场污染地下水的若干措施。     

软锰矿浆烟气脱硫反应器试验研究

研究了喷射鼓泡反应器 (JBR)的桨叶直径、桨叶埋深和气体喷射管分布等结构参数对脱硫率和锰浸出率的影响 ,从而优化了反应器结构。     

城镇社区地震应急工作模式的建立

社区地震应急工作是我国地震应急管理工作的重要内容之一,是减轻地震灾害的有效途径。如何依托社区开展地震应急工作是近年来,特别是汶川地震后全社会关注的问题。从地震应急组织管理、应急预案、志愿者队伍建设、宣传培训、应急演练、物资储备、避难场地和疏散通道设置以及地震应急处置等几个方面讨论了社区地震应急工作模式。     

基于应变模态差的海洋平台构件的损伤识别研究

对于具有一定损伤的导管式海洋平台钢管梁来说,实验模态分析得到的位移模态和固有频率难以有效的反应结构损伤的实际状况,特别是对早期的轻微损伤。为了提高损伤识别的效率和效果,根据海洋平台钢管梁架的受力特点,由节点位移模态推到出节点应变模态。然后利用损伤前后的应变模态差作为损伤识别的指标。将这个指标用在海洋平台钢梁构件焊缝和跨中单元的损伤识别上。通过建立钢管梁焊缝损伤的ANSYS模型,进行数据模拟分析,该方法能够在低阶模态条件下,有效的识别早期的轻微损伤。     

Aerosol transmission,an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread: case study of a department-store cluster

• Aerosol transmission is an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread. • Different outbreak sites have different epidemiologic feature. • SRAS-CoV-2 can exist for a long time in aerosol. • SRAS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in aerosol in diverse places. • Some environmental factors can impact SARS-CoV-2 transportation in aerosol. Patients with COVID-19 have revealed a massive outbreak around the world, leading to widespread concerns in global scope. Figuring out the transmission route of COVID-19 is necessary to control further spread. We analyzed the data of 43 patients in Baodi Department Store (China) to supplement the transmission route and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in a cluster outbreak. Incubation median was estimated to endure 5.95 days (2–13 days). Almost 76.3% of patients sought medical attention immediately upon illness onset. The median period of illness onset to hospitalization and confirmation were 3.96 days (0–14) and 5.58 days (1–21), respectively. Patients with different cluster case could demonstrate unique epidemiological characteristics due to the particularity of outbreak sites. SRAS-CoV-2 can be released into the surrounding air through patient’s respiratory tract activities, and can exist for a long time for long-distance transportation. SRAS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in aerosol in different sites, including isolation ward, general ward, outdoor, toilet, hallway, and crowded public area. Environmental factors influencing were analyzed and indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 transportation in aerosol was dependent on temperature, air humidity, ventilation rate and inactivating chemicals (ozone) content. As for the infection route of case numbers 2 to 6, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20 and 23, we believe that aerosol transmission played a significant role in analyzing their exposure history and environmental conditions in Baodi Department Store. Aerosol transmission could occur in some cluster cases when the environmental factors are suitable, and it is an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread.