一种便携式荧光测油仪在海上溢油应急监测中的适用性研究

研究了一种便携式荧光测油仪在海上溢油应急监测中的适用性,并与现行仲裁标准方法进行比较分析。研究表明:该便携式荧光测油仪测定海水中油类样品仅需100 mL水样,平均每个样品所需的前处理时间约340 s,方法检出限为0.003 mg/L,测定下限为0.012 mg/L。测定用标准物质配制的不同浓度海水样品,相对标准偏差为0.08%~0.87%,测定标准样品的相对误差为0.49%~4.50%,实际样品加标回收率为90%~107%。对标准物质配制的海水样品进行检测,与现行仲裁标准方法在0.05水平下无显著性差异。在渤海中部海上监测中,连续6 d测定不同标准样品的相对标准偏差为0.26%~0.83%。研究结果表明,该便携式荧光测油仪适用于现场对油类的定量分析和水质评价。     

国家重点生态功能区县域环境监测质量评价方法及应用示范

以国家重点生态功能区县域环境监测质量评价为目标,综合应用德尔菲法、层次分析法和模糊综合评价法,构建了国家重点生态功能区县域环境监测质量评价方法,并确定了评价因子、权重系数、计算方法。该方法评价指标共分为三层:第一层为目标层,即国家重点生态功能区县域环境监测质量;第二层为准则层,包括人员及资质、现场监测、实验室管理、报告编制及数据上报;第三层为方案层,包括人员操作、持证上岗、资质认定、人员培训、水质布点采样流转情况、空气自动站运维情况、现场质控实施情况、实验室环境条件、样品试剂的保存与管理、仪器检定与校准、实验室质量控制实施情况、数据填报软件运行情况、监测报告规范性等13个评价要素。经矩阵一致性检验确定了各评价要素的权重,将该权重与各要素得分运算后得到县域环境监测质量评价结果。在此基础上,选取广东、山西、陕西、四川和青海等5个省份的15个国家重点生态功能区县域作为典型区开展了实地调研,并应用评价体系对其进行了监测质量等级评价。结果表明,15个典型县域中,环境监测质量等级为优的县域占13.3%,一般、较差的县域分别占66.7%、20%。县域环境监测承担单位在资质、报告编制及数据上报方面表现较好,在现场监测、人员操作方面问题突出,在实验室管理方面有待提升。     

浅析安全投入在提高企业安全生产水平中的作用

安全投入在改善企业安全生产状况中发挥着重要的作用。论文从安全生产五要素(安全文化、安全法制、安全责任、安全科技、安全投入)着手,分析五要素之间的逻辑关系及安全投入的重要性,调研分析得出企业安全投入不足的主要原因,并以湖北卫东控股集团有限公司近11年的违章统计和安全生产"五要素"投入情况为例,分析验证企业安全投入与安全生产状况改善之间的关系。结果表明,合理有效加强企业安全投入,提高企业本质安全水平,是实现企业安全生产的一个重要环节。     

硫酸镁与氢氧化钠反应制备152型碱式硫酸镁晶须

以MgSO_4和NaOH为原料,采用静态水热法制备152型碱式硫酸镁晶须。考察了反应温度、反应物浓度和反应时间以及原料中加入Na_2SO_4对制备碱式硫酸镁晶须的影响。结果表明,碱式硫酸镁晶须的适宜合成条件为反应温度为150℃,NaOH与MgSO_4的物质的量之比为1.5∶1,NaOH浓度0.833 mol/L,反应时间为33 h。原料中加入一定量Na_2SO_4有利于针状碱式硫酸镁晶须的形成。依据0℃时Na_2SO_4-MgSO_4-H_2O体系相图,设计了白钠镁矾为原料制备碱式硫酸镁晶须并副产十水硫酸钠的工艺。     

过渡金属元素掺杂改性SCR对零价汞的催化氧化性能

为提高商用SCR催化剂对Hg0(零价汞)的催化氧化活性,研究了过渡金属对其进行掺杂改性的方法,并利用固定床反应平台考察了不同试验条件下改性催化剂对Hg0的氧化效率. 结果表明:Y、Zn、Ni和Zr等过渡金属的掺杂可明显抑制SCR催化剂的催化活性,而Fe、Cu掺杂改性SCR催化剂对Hg0的催化氧化性能有显著提升. 在反应温度为350 ℃、空速比为370 000 h-1、φ(HCl)为1×10-5的条件下,Fe、Cu掺杂改性的SCR催化剂对Hg0的氧化效率均能达到90%以上,并且Fe掺杂改性后的SCR催化剂的脱硝性能也未受到明显影响. 借助XRD和XPS等表征手段,对反应前后Fe掺杂改性SCR催化剂进行了研究,表明Fe改性SCR催化剂遵循Mars-Maessen和Langmuir-Hinshelwood机制,可明显提高对Hg0的催化氧化效率,因此,应用前景较好.      

Effect of copper tolerant Elsholtzia splendens on bacterial community associated with Commelina communis on a copper mine spoil

Facilitation, or positive plant–plant interaction, has received increasing concern from ecologists over the last two decades. Facilitation may occur through direct mitigation of severe environments or indirect mediation by a third participant from the same or different trophic levels. The copper(Cu) tolerant species Elsholtzia splendens facilitates the establishment and growth of co-occurring Commelina communis through indirect enrichment of microbial activity. However, whether and how E. splendens impacts the microbial community that is associated with C. communis is less known. We characterized the soil bacterial community in the rhizosphere of C. communis in the absence and presence of E.splendens using PCR-DGGE(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and sequencing. The result showed that the richness of the bacterial community increased, but diversity and evenness remained similar, in the presence of E. splendens.Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most dominant bacteria. The relative abundance of dominant and minor bacterial groups showed distinctly different responses to E. splendens. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis indicated that variation of the bacterial community was determined by multiple factors and might be driven by the tested soil parameters collectively, or alternatively changed through plant root exudates or other microorganisms. Our results enhance the understanding of how the bacterial community associated with a beneficiary plant responds to a benefactor plant and suggests that the changes of bacterial community composition may have far-reaching influence on plant–soil feedback and the aboveground plant community in the long run.     

我国对电池和涂料产品实行消费税绿色调控

2015年初国务院相关部门发布通知,对电池和涂料产品征收消费税。本文结合消费税绿色化改革方向,阐述了此次消费税扩围的内容和特点,分析了消费税绿色化在促进环境保护中的作用,提出了将电池和涂料产品纳入消费税的影响和建议。     

玻璃减薄蚀刻液中氟硅酸的选择性脱除方法

光电玻璃减薄蚀刻液中氟硅酸(H2SiF6)的累积,是导致蚀刻液无法连续使用而转化为废液的主要原因。尝试对蚀刻废液中氟硅酸进行选择性脱除工艺,探索刻蚀液循环利用的有效处理方法。鉴于氟硅酸的碱金属盐具有溶解度较低的特点,研究考察了利用钠盐或钾盐为沉淀剂,将废液中的H2SiF6以氟硅酸盐的形式沉淀去除,为实现蚀刻液的循环利用提供可能。结果表明,KCl相比NaCl对H2SiF6处理效果更好,但生成的K2SiF6的结晶颗粒过细,难以自然沉降,过滤效果较差;而Na2SiF6结晶沉降特性较好,且使用NaCl为沉淀剂具有价廉易得等特点,可作为氟硅酸的理想沉淀剂。H2SiF6去除率与碱金属盐H2SiF6摩尔计量比正相关,当摩尔计量比NaCl/H2SiF6=2,H2SiF6含量10%的模拟废液,其H2SiF6去除率可达到90%以上。     

A 100-year sedimentary record of natural and anthropogenic impacts on a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Chaohu, China

In this study, the sediment profiles of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratios, total phosphorus, N/P ratios, C/P ratios, particle sizes, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ(13)C and δ(15)N) were used to investigate natural and anthropogenic impacts on Lake Chaohu over the past 100 years. Before 1960, Lake Chaohu experienced low productivity and a relatively steady and low nutrient input. The increasing concentration and fluxes of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, together with changes in the δ(13)C and δ(15)N of organic material in the sediment cores, suggested that the anthropogenic effects on trophic status first started because of an increase in nutrient input caused by a population increase in the drainage area. With the construction of the Chaohu Dam, an increase in the utilization of fertilizer and the population growth which occurred since 1960, stable depositional conditions and increasing nutrient input resulted in a dominantly algae-derived organic matter source and high productivity. Nutrient input increased most significantly around 1980 following the rapidly growing population, with concomitant urbanization, industrial and agricultural development. This study also revealed that the concentration and distribution of nutrients varied between different areas of sediment within Lake Chaohu because of the influence of different drainage basins and pollution sources.     

接种比对碱超声波耦合溶胞污泥水解酸化的影响

以城市污水生物处理过程中的剩余污泥减量化为研究背景,通过实验研究了经碱超声波耦合溶胞后的剩余污泥在不同接种比下水解酸化的效果,分析了污泥上清液中pH、SCOD、VFAs、NH4+-N和PO34--P等参数随时间的变化趋势。结果表明,溶胞污泥经过72 h的水解酸化反应,20%接种比下的水解酸化COD溶出率和VFAs增长率最高,分别为75.5%和177%。蛋白质水解程度为16.9%,也高于50%和70%两组接种比。此外,COD、NH4+-N和PO34--P等主要溶出物均在12 h后达到基本稳定状态。