深圳福田红树林无瓣海桑与海桑群落的重金属累积和循环

研究了深圳福田红树林无瓣海桑与海桑群落对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni元素的吸收、累积、分布和循环.结果表明,该林地表层土壤(0～30cm)Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni元素的储量关系为Zn＞Pb＞Ni＞Cr＞Cu;群落中3种植物对土壤中5种重金属元素富集能力的大小依次为海桑＞无瓣海桑＞秋茄.该群落Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni的现存累积量分别为:23019.61、23429.65、117870.41、6835.79、12995.08μg/m²;年吸收量分别为:6592.20、266     

接种比对碱超声波耦合溶胞污泥水解酸化的影响

以城市污水生物处理过程中的剩余污泥减量化为研究背景,通过实验研究了经碱超声波耦合溶胞后的剩余污泥在不同接种比下水解酸化的效果,分析了污泥上清液中pH、SCOD、VFAs、NH4+-N和PO34--P等参数随时间的变化趋势。结果表明,溶胞污泥经过72 h的水解酸化反应,20%接种比下的水解酸化COD溶出率和VFAs增长率最高,分别为75.5%和177%。蛋白质水解程度为16.9%,也高于50%和70%两组接种比。此外,COD、NH4+-N和PO34--P等主要溶出物均在12 h后达到基本稳定状态。     

吸附分离辅助电渗透脱水过程中污泥的特性

电渗透技术对于城市污水厂污泥的深度脱水是非常有效的,但相对较高的能耗制约了它的广泛应用。为此,针对污泥电渗透脱水过程中阴极排水困难引起能耗高的问题,提出了吸附分离辅助电渗透脱水,同时考察了吸附分离辅助电渗透脱水过程中污泥中水分的运动特点、pH的变化以及离子的迁移规律。结果显示,吸附分离可以极大地提高污泥电渗透脱水的效果。且脱水过程中阳极附近污泥的含水率、pH均迅速减小;阴极附近污泥的含水率稍有减少,但pH却迅速增大;而中间层污泥的含水率及pH均没有发生变化。此外,电渗透脱水技术对于污泥中目标离子的去除非常有效,但同时容易导致非目标离子的去除。     

玻璃减薄蚀刻液中氟硅酸的选择性脱除方法

光电玻璃减薄蚀刻液中氟硅酸(H2SiF6)的累积,是导致蚀刻液无法连续使用而转化为废液的主要原因。尝试对蚀刻废液中氟硅酸进行选择性脱除工艺,探索刻蚀液循环利用的有效处理方法。鉴于氟硅酸的碱金属盐具有溶解度较低的特点,研究考察了利用钠盐或钾盐为沉淀剂,将废液中的H2SiF6以氟硅酸盐的形式沉淀去除,为实现蚀刻液的循环利用提供可能。结果表明,KCl相比NaCl对H2SiF6处理效果更好,但生成的K2SiF6的结晶颗粒过细,难以自然沉降,过滤效果较差;而Na2SiF6结晶沉降特性较好,且使用NaCl为沉淀剂具有价廉易得等特点,可作为氟硅酸的理想沉淀剂。H2SiF6去除率与碱金属盐H2SiF6摩尔计量比正相关,当摩尔计量比NaCl/H2SiF6=2,H2SiF6含量10%的模拟废液,其H2SiF6去除率可达到90%以上。     

A 100-year sedimentary record of natural and anthropogenic impacts on a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Chaohu, China

In this study, the sediment profiles of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratios, total phosphorus, N/P ratios, C/P ratios, particle sizes, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ(13)C and δ(15)N) were used to investigate natural and anthropogenic impacts on Lake Chaohu over the past 100 years. Before 1960, Lake Chaohu experienced low productivity and a relatively steady and low nutrient input. The increasing concentration and fluxes of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, together with changes in the δ(13)C and δ(15)N of organic material in the sediment cores, suggested that the anthropogenic effects on trophic status first started because of an increase in nutrient input caused by a population increase in the drainage area. With the construction of the Chaohu Dam, an increase in the utilization of fertilizer and the population growth which occurred since 1960, stable depositional conditions and increasing nutrient input resulted in a dominantly algae-derived organic matter source and high productivity. Nutrient input increased most significantly around 1980 following the rapidly growing population, with concomitant urbanization, industrial and agricultural development. This study also revealed that the concentration and distribution of nutrients varied between different areas of sediment within Lake Chaohu because of the influence of different drainage basins and pollution sources.     

Arsenic fractionation and contamination assessment in sediments of thirteen lakes from the East Plain and Yungui Plateau Ecoregions, China

Arsenic（As） fractions in the sediments of seven lakes from East Plain Ecoregion and six lakes from Yungui Plateau Ecoregion, China, were investigated. Results indicated that the total As concentrations in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Lake Ecoregion are higher than those of Yungui Plateau Lake Ecoregion. Residual As is the main fraction in sediment samples of lakes from both ecoregions, followed by reducible As and soluble or oxidizable As. The total As is correlated to oxidizable As and residual As in sediment samples from both lake ecoregions. As distribution in sediment samples of lakes of the East Plain Ecoregion appears to be affected by human activity, while the As origin mainly comes from natural sources in sediment samples of lakes in the Yungui Plateau Ecoregion. The potential ecological risk index and geoaccumulation index values suggest ＂low to moderate＂ risk degree and ＂unpolluted to moderately polluted＂ for As in the studied lake sediments.     

Hierarchical Ag-SiO2@Fe3O4 magnetic composites for elemental mercury removal from non-ferrous metal smelting flue gas

Hierarchical Ag-SiO_2@Fe_3O_4 magnetic composites were selected for elemental mercury(Hg~0) removal from non-ferrous metal smelting flue gas in this study. Results showed that the hierarchical Ag-SiO_2@Fe_3O_4 magnetic composites had favorable Hg~0 removal ability at low temperature. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of hierarchical magnetic composite is much larger than that of pure Fe_3O_4 and SiO_2@Fe_3O_4. The Hg~0 removal efficiency reached the highest value as approximately 92% under the reaction temperature of 150°C, while the removal efficiency sharply reduced in the absence of O_2. The characterization results indicated that Ag nanoparticles grew on the surface of SiO_2@Fe_3O_4 support. The large surface area of SiO_2 supplied efficient reaction room for Hg and Ag atoms. Ag–Hg amalgam is generated on the surface of the composites. In addition, this magnetic material could be easily separated from fly ashes when adopted for treating real flue gas, and the spent materials could be regenerated using a simple thermal-desorption method.     

湿法脱硫浆液中石膏与汞的结合特性模拟研究

燃煤烟气湿法脱硫石膏中汞的大量富集限制了其应用范围且容易产生汞的二次逃逸问题.因此,本文对脱硫浆液中的汞在固相石膏的迁移转化规律进行了模拟研究,考察了不同操作条件和离子浓度的影响,探求汞进入石膏的量和形态的变化趋势.同时考察了温度、p H、石膏老化时间和结晶方式等对汞与石膏结合特性的影响,并对机理进行了探讨.结果表明,当液相汞浓度从0.16 mg·L-1增加到2.67 mg·L-1时,进入石膏的汞含量相应从0.38 mg·kg-1增加到4.17 mg·kg-1,但其占液相总汞的比例却呈先下降后不变的趋势.当石膏浆液浓度从1%增加到20%时,由液相进入石膏中的汞比例不断上升,但石膏汞含量却不断下降.基于实验结果推测汞与石膏结合的两种方式:石膏的内部包裹作用和石膏的表面吸附作用.另外,酸根离子浓度会改变浆液中游离汞的含量,从而影响石膏中汞的富集量:Cl-和NO-3对汞进入石膏有抑制作用,而SO2-4的存在会起到促进作用;铁、铝阳离子的存在会促进汞进入石膏,钙、镁阳离子对汞的富集基本无影响.     

Effects of fluoride on the removal of cadmium and phosphate by aluminum coagulation

This study focuses on the effects of pH and fluoride at different molar ratios of fluoride to Al (R_F:Al) on the removal of cadmium (Cd²⁺) and phosphate by Al coagulation. Fluoride at R_F:Al ≥ 3:1 inhibits the removal of Cd over wide Al dose ranges from 5 to 10 mg/L as Al. The removal of phosphate decreases significantly at high R_F:Al of 10:1 whereas at lowered R_F:Al (i.e., ≤ 6:1), an adverse effect is observed only at insufficient Al doses below 2 mg/L. Fluoride shows inhibitive effects towards the removal of Cd at pH 7 and 8 and that of phosphate at pH 6. Fluoride decreases the ζ-potential in both systems, and the decreasing extent is positively correlated to the elevated R_F:Al. The Al fluoride interactions include the formation of Al–F complexes and the adsorption of fluoride onto Al(OH)₃ precipitates, i.e., the formation of Al(OH)_nF_m. Al–F complex formation inhibits Al hydrolysis and increases residual Al levels, and a more significant increase was observed at lower pH. Al–F complexes at high R_F:Al complicate the coagulation behavior of Al towards both negative and positive ionic species. Moreover, fluoride at low R_F:Al shows little effect on Al coagulation behavior towards Cd^2 + and phosphate, and the spent defluoridation adsorbent, i.e., aluminum (Al) hydro(oxide) with adsorbed fluoride at R_F:Al of below 0.1:1, may be reclaimed as a coagulant after being dissolved.     

Determining reference conditions for TN, TP, SD and Chl-a in eastern plain ecoregion lakes, China

Establishing the nutrient reference condition(baseline environmental condition) of lakes in an ecoregion is a critical consideration in the development of scientifically defensible aquatic nutrient criteria.Three methods were applied to determine reference conditions in the Eastern plain ecoregion lakes with respect to total phosphorus(TP),total nitrogen(TN),planktonic chlorophyll a(Chl-a) and Secchi depth(SD).The reference condition value for the lakes in the Eastern plain ecoregion by the trisection method is TP of 0.029 mg/L,TN of 0.67 mg/L,Chl-a of 3.92 mg/m 3,SD of 0.85 m,and the reference condition range by the lake population distribution approach is TP of 0.014-0.043 mg/L,TN of 0.360-0.785 mg/L,Chl-a of 1.78-4.73 mg/m 3,SD of 0.68-1.21 m.Additionally,empirical models were developed for estimating the reference Chl-a concentration and SD successfully for lakes in the Eastern plain ecoregion.Overall,the data suggest that multiple methods can be used to determine reference conditions and that in Eastern plain ecoregion lakes the reference condition corresponds to a mesotrophic status.