Characteristics and origins of air pollutants in Wuhan,China, based on observations and hybrid receptor models

To identify the characteristics of air pollutants and factors attributing to the formation of haze in Wuhan, this study analyzed the hourly observations of air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and CO) from March 1, 2013, to February 28, 2014, and used hybrid receptor models for a case study. The results showed that the annual average concentrations for PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and CO during the whole period were 89.6 μg m^?3, 134.9 μg m^?3, 54.9 μg m^?3, 32.4 μg m^?3, 62.3 μg m^?3, and 1.1 mg m^?3, respectively. The monthly variations revealed that the peak values of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, and CO occurred in December because of increased local emissions and severe weather conditions, while the lowest values occurred in July mainly due to larger precipitation. The maximum O₃ concentrations occurred in warm seasons from May to August, which may be partly due to the high temperature and solar radiation. Diurnal analysis showed that hourly PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and CO concentrations had two ascending stages accompanying by the two traffic peaks. However, the O₃ concentration variations were different with the highest concentration in the afternoon. A case study utilizing hybrid receptor models showed the significant impact of regional transport on the haze formation in Wuhan and revealed that the mainly potential polluted sources were located in the north and south of Wuhan, such as Baoding and Handan in Hebei province, and Changsha in Hunan province. Implications: Wuhan city requires a 5% reduction of the annual mean of PM_2.5 concentration by the end of 2017. In order to accomplish this goal, Wuhan has adopted some measures to improve its air quality. This work has determined the main pollution sources that affect the formation of haze in Wuhan by transport. We showed that apart from the local emissions, north and south of Wuhan were the potential sources contributing to the high PM_2.5 concentrations in Wuhan, such as Baoding and Handan in Hebei province, Zhumadian and Jiaozuo in Henan province, and Changsha and Zhuzhou in Hunan province.     

花背蟾蜍性腺抗氧化酶对稀土尾矿库污染胁迫的响应

本研究以花背蟾蜍(Bufo Raddei)作为实验动物,以某稀土尾矿库周边受污染的水域湿地为研究样地,以相对无污染的小白河黄河湿地自然保护区为对照样地。通过检测两地花背蟾蜍精巢和卵巢的脏器系数、MDA和GSH含量、SOD、GSH-Px、GST、CAT和GR活性、T-AOC等相关指标。研究花背蟾蜍性腺抗氧化酶对该稀土尾矿库污染胁迫的响应效应。结果显示:与黄河湿地相比,稀土尾矿库湿地复合污染对花背蟾蜍精巢和卵巢脏器系数的影响差异不显著。稀土尾矿库花背蟾蜍精巢和卵巢中MDA含量、GPx、GST和CAT活性显著高于黄河湿地(P0.05),而GSH含量表现出相反的趋势。精巢中T-AOC显著高于卵巢(P0.01),但相同组织在两地间差异不显著。结果表明该稀土尾矿库复合污染对花背蟾蜍精巢和卵巢抗氧化能力有一定的毒害效应,且精巢和卵巢对污染胁迫的响应有明显的差异性。在应对稀土尾矿库湿地复合污染胁迫时,精巢更倾向于调用SOD-CAT系统的抗氧化机制,而在卵巢内GSH系统发挥作用更大。     

Application of semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) to assess air genotoxicity in an occupational environment

Semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) is a passive sampler that sequesters lipophilic contaminants, mimicking the bioconcentration in the fatty tissue of organisms. This study was designed to assess the use of SPMD and biological tests (Comet assay and Ames test) for air monitoring. For this purpose an occupational environment with expected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination (coke plant) was selected for a case study. The SPMDs were deployed in five occupational contaminated sites and in a control site. The SPMD dialysates were chemically analysed and examined for in vitro DNA-damaging activity in human cells (Jurkat) by Comet assay and for mutagenicity with the Ames test (TA98 strain, w/o S9). Total suspended particulates were also collected and analysed (GC–MS). No biological effect of SPMD extract was revealed in the control site. On the other hand, air samples collected with SPMDs within the coke plant showed variable degrees of genotoxic and mutagenic activity. The highest effects were associated with the highest PAH level recovered in the SPMDs extracts and in particulate samples.Results obtained support the sensitivity of biological tests associated to SPMD sampling for evaluating the health risk of potentially contaminated work environments highlighting the usefulness of SPMDs for environmental air quality monitoring.     

咪唑类[PF6]^-型离子液体萃取胺类化合物

以眯唑类[PF6]^-型离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（[Bmim][PF6]）、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（[Hmim][PF6]）和1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（[Omim][PF6]）对苯胺、对氯苯胺等7种胺类化合物的萃取,考察了溶液初始浓度、相比、盐类、pH及离子液体眯唑基团上取代烷基对萃取平衡的影响,并研究了萃取过程的热效应。实验结果表明：溶液初始浓度对分配系数影响较小;相比10：1是离子液体对胺类化合物的溶解饱和临界点,当相比大于10：1时,分配系数降低;NaCl、K2SO4可以增大萃取分配系数,ZnSO4对分配系数几乎没有影响;pH增加,分配系数增大;离子液体对不同取代基的胺类萃取能力有较大的差异,咪唑基团上取代烷基的长度对不同胺类物质的分配系数影响较显著;萃取过程属于焓增大的吸热过程。     

复合填料土壤渗滤系统处理农村生活污水的效果

为了加强农村生活污水综合治理,本研究以农村生活污水为研究对象,选择了以粉煤灰和腐熟牛粪作为填料配合土壤的2套不同装填方式的土壤渗滤系统,分别用于去除污水中的COD、总磷、总氮和氨氮.系统1对COD、总磷、总氮和氨氮的平均去除率分别为85.8%、98.1%、78.4%和93.7%,系统2的去除率分别为87.1%、96.0%、73.4%和95.5%.结果表明,两系统对污水中的污染物均有较好的去除效果.通过方差分析比较两系统的去除效果发现,装填方式对COD去除效果影响不大,而对总磷、总氮和氨氮的去除效果差异显著.但从污水处理效果综合比较,以分层装填方式的系统1对污染物的去除效果优于全混合装填方式的系统2.     

高铁酸钾法去除水中1,1-DCE

选取水中常见的1,1-DCE为目标污染物,通过间歇实验探讨了目标化合物在以高铁酸钾为氧化剂的情况下,不同反应条件下的去除效果、反应动力学以及反应机理。实验结果表明,不同pH值对高铁酸钾去除1,1-DCE的反应速率影响很大,在pH=3时去除效果最好;反应符合一级动力学方程,去除速率随温度升高而增大,且活化能Ea为28.52 kJ/mol,表明温度对高铁酸钾的氧化性有很大影响;反应的ΔH*>0,ΔS*G*>0;以NaNO3调节反应体系的离子强度,当离子强度为0~0.2 mol/L时,高铁酸钾去除1,1-DCE的反应速率随离子强度的增大而减小。通过对实验机理的分析看出,高铁酸钾法去除卤代烃机理为氧化及吸附共存。     

大亚湾五角多甲藻赤潮发生的环境因素分析

根据现场监测资料 ,分析 2 0 0 0年 5月 4～ 19日在大亚湾澳头海域发生的五角多甲藻 (Protoperidiniumquinquecorne)赤潮的环境因素。结果表明 :海水温度急升和盐度的骤降是赤潮发生的刺激因素 ;由风引起赤潮生物细胞的物理聚集是赤潮发生的重要条件 ;五角多甲藻对各种营养盐都有明显的需求 ,而对无机氮的需求则以吸收NO3 - N为主 ;赤潮初期拟菱型藻可伴随其迅速繁殖 ,而到后期则存在明显竞争作用 ,拟菱型藻细胞的繁殖受到了抑制。     

盒形件多点常力压边拉深模设计

对盒形件拉深成形 ,提出了在周向多个位置施加压边力的方法 ,且根据常力压边原理 ,用弹簧和橡胶作弹性元件 ,可根据需要在不同位置施加不同的压边力 ,且每个位置的压边力在拉深过程中保持定值。以此设计的模具所提供的压边力 ,更适合复杂零件的成形 ,也更符合拉深工艺对压边力的要求     

Bacterial succession in epiphytic biofilms and deciduous layer sediments during Hydrilla verticillata decay: A field investigation

Submersed macrophytes decay is an important natural process and has important role in mass and energy flow in aquatic ecosystems. However, little is known about the dynamical changes in nutrients release and bacterial community during submersed macrophyte decay in natural environment. In this study, a field observation was conducted in a wetland dominated with Hydrilla verticillata for 36 days. Increase of H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and decrease of soluble proteins concentration were detected in leaves during H. verticillata decay. Meanwhile, ammonium-N, soluble microbial products (SMP) and TOC concentration increased in overlying water. According to bacterial 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing analysis, the Shannon values were lower in epiphytic biofilms than deciduous layer sediments. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria were higher in epiphytic biofilms than in deciduous layer sediments (P < 0.05). Co-occurrence network analyses showed that a total of 578 and 845 pairs of correlations (|r| > 0.6) were identified from 122 and 112 genera in epiphytic biofilms and deciduous layer sediments, respectively. According to co-occurrence patterns, eight hubs were mainly from phyla Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Parcubacteria in epiphytic biofilms; while 37 hubs from the 14 phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, et al.) were detected in deciduous layer sediments. Our results indicate that bacterial community in deciduous layer sediments was more susceptible than in epiphytic biofilms during decay process. These data highlight the role of microbial community in deciduous layer sediments on nutrients removal during H. verticillata decay and will provide useful information for wetland management.     

Anterior regeneration in the spionid polychaetes<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Dipolydora quadrilobata</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pygospio elegans</Emphasis>

Like many other benthic infaunal invertebrates, spionid polychaetes often lose portions of their bodies to predators, which affects their activities. Feeding palp loss and tail loss have been studied in several spionids, but the capacity for anterior tissue regeneration has not been compared in different species. The present study examines anterior tissue regeneration in two species, Dipolydora quadrilobata (Jacobi 1883) and Pygospio elegans Claparède 1863, in two laboratory experiments. Tissue removal treatments included removal of palps only, removal of anterior tissue through the first setiger, anterior tissue through the fifth setiger, all anterior tissue through half of the gill-bearing setigers, and all anterior tissue through the last gill-bearing setiger. Regeneration was monitored by capturing images of the worms and digitizing the area of regenerated anterior tissue or counting the number of segments that grew over time. Worms of both species regenerated anterior tissue regardless of the amount removed. Morphogenesis during regeneration followed a similar pattern in these two species regardless of the amount of anterior tissue lost, progressing from wound healing to formation of a recognizable prostomium and peristomium (“head”) by 6 days post-ablation. Palp and setal growth, addition of segments, and formation of nuchal organs and the ciliated food groove followed so that worms appeared to have re-grown “normal,” but smaller, “heads” and palps by 9–12 days following ablation. Over the course of 16 days, worms that lost more segments regenerated less tissue relative to their initial intact size and did so more slowly. There was no significant palp growth during the first 3 days following ablation. Rate of segment addition was directly related to the degree of tissue loss in D. quadrilobata. P. elegans added segments at similar rates whether 50 or 70% of the original segments was removed.