全球气候变化的成因探析

探析了引起全球气候变化的温室气体效应、太阳变化、火山喷发、对流层气溶胶等外部强迫效应，以及导致大气和海洋间能量再分配的埃尔尼诺事件等所引起的气候变化。进一步讨论了气候系统内部的、涉及地球生物学和化学的几种气候反馈机制。     

联合多种荧光光谱和GC-MS研究高铁酸钾对菲的降解机理

研究了高铁酸钾对PAHs中的菲的降解反应过程,对该反应过程联合了时间扫描、偏振、偏振三维(PEEM)、三维(EEM)等多种荧光光谱模式进行了表征和分析,并结合GC-MS进一步检测分析了该反应过程的中间产物,最后系统探讨了高铁酸钾对菲降解的动力学反应规律及降解机理.实验结果表明,在设定的高铁酸钾-菲降解体系的物质的量之比为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、2∶1、3∶1的各个降解反应过程均符合一级反应动力学特征,其拟合系数在0.905—0.995之间.通过不同摩尔比的高铁酸钾-菲降解过程的时间扫描荧光参数直接求得了各反应的动力学方程及曲线;菲降解过程的荧光偏振度值与PEEM共同揭示出高铁酸钾对菲的有效降解,且产物均为无偏振效应、无产生新的特征荧光的小分子结构,各特征光谱峰强与时间变化关系也与时间扫描荧光曲线相符合;最后结合GC-MS深入分析了菲的降解产物,并由此推测了高铁酸钾对菲的降解机理.降解产物中9,10-菲醌的大量存在表明菲结构中9,10位发生氧化而开始降解.     

基于ANP和改进TOPSIS的城轨网络应急能力决策优化

应急能力决策优化是城市轨道交通网络应急管理中的关键问题。从防御、预警、救援和恢复4个方面,针对网络化运营组织的特点,系统分析城轨网络应急能力的影响因素,并利用网络层次分析法(ANP),建立影响因素间的关联关系,通过构建超矩阵,利用超级决策软件(SD)计算得到考虑关联关系的各影响因素客观权重。其次,将各因素客观权重加入逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)模型中,通过计算城轨网络中各线路的相对贴近度,构建城轨网络应急能力决策优化模型。结合具体算例指出城轨网络应急能力的关键影响因素,以及在应急能力方面存在的问题,并提出决策优化建议。     

利用多模式集合和多元线性回归改进北京PM_(10)预报

本研究将多模式集合预报和多元线性回归集成方法结合起来减小空气质量预报的不确定性.首先评估了北京空气质量多模式集合预报系统中3个模式成员(NAQPMS、CAMx、CMAQ)对北京地区PM10日均浓度的预报性能,在此基础上引入多元线性回归将历史观测信息纳入进来对3个模式预报结果进行集成,并将集成预报结果与3个模式算术平均的预报结果进行比较.结果发现:1不同模式的预报结果差异较大,并没有一个模式的预报技巧完全优于其它两个模式,其中CMAQ对北京PM10变化趋势的预报优于其它两个模式,NAQPMS预报的均方根误差整体低于其他两个模式.2多模式预报结果的算术平均在趋势预报和偏差两项指标上都低于部分单模式预报,并不能有效改进PM10预报;基于分站点的模式和观测数据构建的多元线性回归集成预报模型能显著提高PM10预报的准确率,选定合适的训练天数(36 d)后,28个站点PM10日均值预报的均方根误差相对单模式预报或集合平均预报下降32%~43%,预报偏差大幅减小至5.8μg·m-3,总体预报技巧显著优于单模式和多模式算术平均的预报结果,并且采用线性回归集成方法大幅提高了对污染过程的预报能力.     

Degradation behavior of 17αup-ethinylestradiol by ozonation in the synthetic secondary effluent

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the secondary effluent discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are of great concern in the process of water reuse. Ozonation has been reported as a powerful oxidation technology to eliminate micropollutants in water treatment. Due to the complexity of the wastewater matrix, orthogonal experiments and single factor experiments were conducted to study the influence of operational parameters on the degradation of 17αup-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in the synthetic secondary effluent. The results of the orthogonal experiments indicated that the initial ozone and natural organic matter (NOM) concentration significantly affected EE2 degradation efficiency, which was further validated by the single factor confirmation experiments. EE2 was shown to be effectively degraded by ozonation in the conditions of low pH (6), NOM (10 mg/L), carbonate (50 mg/L), but high suspended solid (20 mg/L) and initial ozone concentration (9 mg/L). The study firstly revealed that the lower pH resulted in higher degradation of EE2 in the synthetic secondary effluent, which differed from EDCs ozonation behavior in pure water. EE2 degradation by ozone molecule instead of hydroxyl radical was proposed to play a key role in the degradation of EDCs by ozonation in the secondary effluent. The ratio between O₃ and TOC was identified as an appropriate index to assess the degradation of EE2 by ozonation in the synthetic secondary effluent.     

影响光纤特性的若干环境因素

本文综述了若干影响光纤特性的环境因素，如潮气，各种类型的机械力，腐蚀，氢气，雷电，核电磁脉冲及电离辐射，这些因素会使光纤极化面偏转，衰减增加，误码率加大。文中还扼要介绍了为减少这些环境危害影响所采取的若干措施。     

Quantitative risk assessment model of hazardous chemicals leakage and application

The hazardous chemical accidents remain a matter of major concern. However, there is a dearth of practical measures about the emergency management of hazardous chemicals leakage. Therefore, in order to provide more accurate management plan, quantitative risk assessment has become a critical issue in chemical industry. The main aim of this study is to quantify the risk of hazardous chemicals leakage, and take precautions against the accidents. In this study, a Fire-Explosion-Poisoning Quantitative Probability Model (FEPQPM) has been established. The paper introduced the probability analysis methods to analyze derivative accidents caused by hazardous chemicals leakage, established quantitative risk assessment models, and made acceptable risk level analysis. This model has been applied to quantitatively assess an enterprise’s storage tank at Changshou Chemical Industrial Distripark (CID) in Chongqing, China. Evaluation results are in line with the actual situation of the CID. It is shown that the probability of poisoning is very large, causing more economic loss than the other two types of accidents, and death toll of leakage accident increases over time, resulting in greater economic losses. The risk level of leakage accident involving poisoning is unacceptable.     

Spatial distribution of phosphorus forms in sediments with different distances to the estuary of the Dianchi Lake,China

Effects of human activity on the distribution of phosphorus (P) forms were investigated for the sediments and porewaters in Daqinghe Estuary of Dianchi Lake, China. The concentrations of total P (TP), inorganic-P (I-P),and organic-P (Org-P), and the ratio of iron-bound P (Fe-P)/calcium-bound P (Ca-P) in the sediments decreased with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. This is probably due to the flocculant materials, e.g., ferric and aluminous salts, usually being added in the wastewater treatment processes. The concentration of ammonia in the sediment porewaters significantly decreased with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. Both concentrations of total nitrogen and nitrogen in the sediment porewaters decreased to some content with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. However, the concentrations of nitrate, dissolved total P (DTP), and TP did not have strong relationship with the distances from the sampling sites to the estuary. Pollution load and water quantity also had an important influence on the concentrations of P in sediments and its interstitial water in estuary sedimentary area.     

Summary of am APCA International Specialty Conference

Ozone continues to be one of the most important air pollution problems in the United States. While significant progress has been made, certain areas of the country still experience unhealthy levels of ozone and are unlikely to achieve current primary standards by 1988. With the prospect of an influx of millions of additional people, and their cars, into these areas by the year 2000, the problem of oxidant regulation and control becomes even greater. From this realization, the Effects Division of the Air Pollution Control Association conceived this conference topic. The summary that follows highlights key issues and findings from the conference held in November 1984 in Houston, Texas. The transactions of the conference will be available from APCA headquarters in the near future.     

城市住区人居环境生态设计：海口市望海狮城生态小区设计实例

在海口“望海猩城”生态小区人居环境设计过程中,采有生态设计方法对住宅区内的绿色空间、水资源系统、废弃物处理系统、道路交通系统及建筑空间等进行了规划设计,力求使之形成安全、健康、舒适、高质量、高效益的现代化生态文明住区。