Solid waste characterization and recycling potential for a university campus

Integrated waste management systems are one of the greatest challenges for sustainable development. For these systems to be successful, the first step is to carry out waste characterization studies. In this paper are reported the results of a waste characterization study performed in the Campus Mexicali I of the Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC). The aim of this study was to set the basis for implementation of a recovery, reduction and recycling waste management program at the campus. It was found that the campus Mexicali I produces 1ton of solid wastes per day; more than 65% of these wastes are recyclable or potentially recyclable. These results showed that a program for segregation and recycling is feasible on a University Campus. The study also showed that the local market for recyclable waste, under present conditions - number of recycling companies and amounts of recyclables accepted - can absorb all of these wastes. Some alternatives for the potentially recyclables wastes are discussed. Finally some strategies that could be used to reduce waste at the source are discussed as well.     

Is the integration of hormesis and essentiality into ecotoxicology now opening Pandora's Box?

Hormesis and essentiality are likely real and common effects at the level of the individual. However, the widespread incorporation of stimulatory effects into applications of ecotoxicology requires the acceptance of assumptions, value judgements and possibly lowering of water/sediment quality standards. There is also currently little data appropriate for considering hormetic effects in the ecotoxicological context. Except perhaps in the case of fitting concentration-response curves, it is not clear that incorporation of hormetic and essentiality type responses into ecotoxicology is necessary. Furthermore, its incorporation presents considerable intellectual and practical changes for ecotoxicology and could have unanticipated consequences.     

南海球形棕囊藻质体16SrDNA序列分析

测定了采自香港2株球形棕囊藻和湛江1株等鞭金藻质体16SrDNA基因序列,结合GenBank中下载的32条同源序列,分析序列特征并构建分子系统树。发现600bp序列中有可变位点42个,简约信息位点33个,可变位点和简约信息位点分别为全序列的7．0％和5．5％。A＋T的含量（52．5％）略大于C＋G含量（47．5％）,与已报道的棕囊藻属叶绿体和线粒体基因相似;在分子系统树上,同属藻种聚类在一起,属间遗传距离分别为0．0255-0．0503。棕囊藻属属内遗传距离0-0．0050,不同藻种相混杂,并未独立成支;质体16srDNA部分序列虽不能区分棕囊藻属内不同藻种,但能鉴定出GenBank中27个环境样品为棕囊藻属藻株,从而能确定其地理分布和相对丰度,对棕囊藻赤潮的预测预报具有重要意义。质体16srDNA在其他赤潮藻类物种鉴定方面的应用需要进一步研究。     

地震动关键特性对隔震连续梁桥碰撞响应的影响

为考虑地震动特性对隔震连续梁桥顺桥向主梁与桥台碰撞响应的影响,以某三跨混凝土隔震连续梁桥为例,基于ABAQUS建立了考虑混凝土材料损伤及三维接触碰撞的有限元模型。采用12条典型地震动输入,分析了不考虑碰撞时地震动峰值加速度与峰值速度的比值(PGA/PGV)对主梁顺桥向最大位移的影响;并进一步分析了考虑碰撞效应时PGA/PGV对主梁碰撞响应的影响;在此基础上,以一条典型地震动为例,分析了地震动峰值加速度对碰撞响应的影响。结果表明,当不考虑碰撞效应时,主梁顺桥向最大位移随着PGA/PGV的增大而呈现减小趋势;考虑碰撞时,碰撞次数和最大碰撞力的变化具有一定的相似性,但随PGA/PGV的变化并不明显。随着伸缩缝间隙的不同,最大碰撞力随着峰值加速度的增加既可能表现出线性增加的特征,也可能表现出较大波动。     

单室MFC型生物毒性传感器对重金属离子的检测研究

构建了单室微生物燃料电池(air-cathode microbial fuel cell,ACMFC)型生物毒性传感器,以含重金属离子(Cd2+、Cu2+)人工配水为检测对象,分析了有毒物质对检测仪的抑制率与有毒物质浓度的线性关系.结果表明,①单室MFC型生物毒性传感器结构简单,操作方便,灵敏度较高,可用于水体重金属离子(Cd2+、Cu2+)生物毒性的快速检测;②在实验条件下,该生物毒性传感器检测时间4h,清洗时间2～10min,恢复时间4h;③检测结果显示,实验室自配Cd2+、Cu2+及其混合液IC20值分别为0.6、0.8和0.25mg/L,有毒物质浓度与MFC产电量的抑制率呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9960、0.9744和0.9907.     

Adsorption von Phenolderivaten an Substrate unterschiedlich anthropogen überprägter Böden

The organic ground substance (OGS) is an adsorbent of many of the harmful substances found in productive soil. Using the example of adsorption enthalpy of Phenol derivatives, it can be shown that the organic connection on the OGS in sewage farm land and nonsewage farm land is comparable. Based on the OGS content, the sewage farm land showed itself to be the worse adsorbent. The reasons lie in blockage at the adsorption points caused by other molecules, but also because not all of the OGS on the sewage farm land functions as an adsorbent.     

萨尔瓦多红树林管理问题中的补贴办法

本文概述了引起萨尔瓦多红树林退化的各种因素,并分析了拟议中的红树林产权变化对贫困的海岸带社区红树林的意义.目前萨尔瓦多红树林生态系统的采伐和转化模式可通过补贴权利的透镜来观察,这种补助就是为特定用途向一些参与者授予财产权(而不授权给别人).遗憾的是,对红树林资源的使用进行管理的现有法律法规体系是相互矛盾和含混不清的.一些现行的法律对生态系统的使用和转变问题做出了完全相反的规定.如果不对各项补贴权利重新定义,就不能确保对红树林进行合理、持续的管理.但这种权利的重新定义应考虑其生活与生态系统的健康状况密切相关的那些群体的需要.     

Feasibility of vermicomposting dairy biosolids using a modified system to avoid earthworm mortality

A laboratory study was conducted to examine the feasibility of vermicomposting dairy biosolids (dairy sludge), either alone or with either of the bulking agents-cereal straw or wood shavings, using the epigeic earthworm-Eisinea andrei. Earthworms added directly to these three substrates died within 48 hours. A system was developed to overcome the toxic effect of unprocessed dairy biosolids. The substrates were placed over a layer of vermicomposted sheep manure into which the earthworms were inoculated. Within two weeks, all earthworms were within the upper layer of substrate. Compared to sheep manure which is a favourable substrate for vermicomposting, the three substrates containing dairy biosolids were more effective in supporting earthworm growth and reproduction. The final products obtained after 63 days of vermicomposting had 39-53% less organic carbon than the initial substrates. Organic fractionation indicated that vermicomposting increased the stability of the materials to biological decomposition. The vermicomposts obtained from the three substrates with dairy biosolids had low heavy metal contents and electrical conductivities, and did not inhibit plant growth when compared with a commercial vermicompost in a bioassay.     

中国环境保护相关电价政策效应与资金机制

本文从电价政策优化视角,分析了环保电价与可再生能源电价的目标、补贴率变化,首次核算了两类政策的资金总额,对比评估了两类政策的资金规模、微观作用机制、资金机制和决策机制.结果发现,环保电价长年稳定,为燃煤发电行业污染治理资金提供了稳定预期,实现了污染物的快速减排;可再生能源上网标杆电价多次下调,激励企业技术进步的同时,助长了企业投机行为.微观作用机制上,环保电价刺激了燃煤发电企业治污技术进步、企业私人成本下降,但社会承担了较高的污染治理成本;而可再生能源电价政策促进了发电社会成本的下降.可再生能源电价资金传导机制更为刚性,但存在附加征收率不高、资金缺口大等问题,政策设计未做到激励相容.2015年环保电价与可再生能源电价补贴资金总额分别为767.97亿元（不含税）和429.1亿元（供给侧）.环保电价资金总额超过可再生能源电价资金总额,强化了燃煤发电成本优势,制约了可再生能源发展,不利于电力结构的清洁化.