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21.
Stefanelli P Barbini DA Girolimetti S Santilio A Dommarco R 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2011,46(4):341-349
A simple method for the determination of dimethyl fumarate (DMFu) in silica gel pouches has been developed. The gas chromatographic behaviour of DMFu was investigated; the instrumental method, based on EI mass spectrometry coupled with an Ion Trap Detector operating whether in full scan mode or in MS/MS mode was also investigated. Several factors have been evaluated and optimized during the development process: solvent and temperature of extraction, type of stationary phase in capillary column. The analytical procedure consists of two steps as follows: (a) the sample preparation using 10 g of sample extracted with acetonitrile in an ultrasonic, heated bath and (b) the determination by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry in conjunction with chromatographic separation is a very powerful combination for identification of an analyte in the extract in spite of selective detectors employed with GC, such as ECD, FPD and NPD, that offer only limited specificity. Blank samples show no interfering peaks in the areas of interest, so the specificity of the method was assured under the investigated GC/MS conditions. The method has been validated in terms of recovery, repeatability, linearity, detection limits and measurement uncertainty. The results obtained meet both the method validation criteria and requirements of the European/National legislation. The method was verified to be accurate with 97 % mean recoveries at 0.05 mg/kg and 1.00 mg/kg levels; the repeatability (expressed as RSD %) was found to be better than 15 %. Good linearity was found in the range between 0.05 μg/mL and 5.0 μg/mL and a value of R2 > 0.9998 was calculated. The procedure ensures high specificity and a good sensitivity with detection limit (ld) of 0.02 mg/kg and quantification limit (LOQ) of 0.05 mg/kg. This procedure has been successfully applied for the analysis of several hundred of real samples collected during a monitoring control plan started last year in our country. All samples exceeding the maximum allowed level of DMFu (0, 1 mg/kg) were confirmed by GC/MS/MS (ITD) for a higher degree of confidence in identification. The main advantages of this method include: rapidity, simplicity (few, simple steps), reliability, cheapness, no need for long and difficult clean-up and evaporation steps, high specificity by using GC/MS and GC/MS/MS, availability for routine monitoring. 相似文献
22.
Patrizia Stefanelli Tiziana Generali Danilo Attard Barbini Silvana Girolimetti Roberto Dommarco 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):523-529
In this work we report the results for estimating the measurement uncertainty (MU) following up the application of two different approaches, relatively the top-down procedure, by using proficiency test data. We have focused the estimation on the olive oil matrix. We used the analytical data obtained from five selected editions of the Proficiency Tests (PTs, from 2007 to 2011) on pesticide residues in olive oil to estimate the MU. These PTs have been organized by Istituto Superiore di Sanità annually in cooperation with International Olive Council (IOC) since 1997. The number of participants in each trial ranged from 10 to 43. We used a total of 34 pesticide results. The expanded uncertainty U (c) was calculated using a covering factor k = 2 for a confidence interval of 95%. In the approach 1, the within–laboratory reproducibility standard deviation is combined with estimates of the method and laboratory bias using PTs data. In the approach 2, the way of estimating the MU is based only on the bias that the laboratory has obtained participating in a sufficient number of the IOC proficiency tests. Comparing the relative expanded uncertainty based on these different approaches we notice values quite constant and close, from 42% to 48%. Moreover, these calculated expanded uncertainties are less than the default value of 50% (corresponding to a 95% confidence level), adopted from European guidance document SANCO based on the fit-for-purpose relative standard deviation (FFP-RSD). 相似文献
23.
Chelli–Cheheb Razika Arzarello Marta Arnaud Julie Berto Claudio Cáceres Isabel Caracausi Sandro Colopi Francesco Daffara Sara Canini Guido Montanari Huguet Rosa Karambatsou Theodora Sala Benedetto Zambaldi Maurizio Berruti Gabriele L. F. 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2020,107(4):1-13
The Science of Nature - Female-only colour polymorphism is rare in birds, but occurs in brood parasitic cuckoos (Cuculidae). Obligate brood parasites leave incubation and parental care to other... 相似文献
24.
Giuseppe Donati An Bollen Silvana M. Borgognini-Tarli Joerg U. Ganzhorn 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(8):1237-1251
Animals show specific morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations to diurnal or nocturnal activity. Cathemeral
species, i.e. animals with activities distributed over the 24-h period, have to compromise between these specific adaptations.
The driving evolutionary forces and the proximate costs and benefits of cathemerality are still poorly understood. Our goal
was to evaluate the role of predator avoidance, food availability and diet quality in shaping cathemeral activity of arboreal
mammals using a lemur species as an example. For this, two groups of collared lemurs, Eulemur collaris, were studied for 14 months in the littoral forest of southeastern Madagascar. Data on feeding behaviour were collected during
all-day and all-night follows by direct observation. A phenological transect containing 78 plant species was established and
monitored every 2 weeks to evaluate food availability during the study period. Characteristics of food items and animal nutritional
intake were determined via biochemical analyses. The ratio of diurnal to nocturnal feeding was used as response variable in
the analyses. The effects of abiotic environmental variables were removed statistically before the analyses of the biotic
variables. We found that diurnal feeding lasted longer during the hot–wet season (December–February), whereas nocturnal feeding
peaked during the hot–dry and cool–wet seasons (March–August). Although the lemurs foraged mostly in lower forest strata during
daylight and used emergent trees preferably at night, the variables which measured animal exposure to birds of prey failed
to predict the variation of the ratio of diurnal/nocturnal feeding. Ripe fruit availability and fiber intake are the two variables
which best predicted the annual variation of the lemur diurnality. The data indicate that feeding over the whole 24-h cycle
is advantageous during lean periods when animals have a fibre-rich, low-quality diet. 相似文献
25.
Silvana Salerno Riccardo Tartaglia Sauro Garzi Andrea Biagioni Giovanni Rulli Bruno Maggi 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(1):97-106
The aim of this research is the application of the Method of Organizational Congruencies before and after the substitution of organic solvents with vegetable agents for the cleaning of an offset printing machine in order to assess the organizational changes. A solvent-free process is the goal of the Subsprint Project (Technology Transfer Program of the European Community). This, study shows how human and environmental health is improved by using vegetable agents, though this change may lead to some other organizational constraints such as an increase of tbe time needed, monotony, and repetitiveness of the technical actions involved. The authors underline that the knowledge of the impact of the new technology on health helps a better understanding of the resistance to the change and its further amelioration. 相似文献
26.
Daniela Bueno Sudatti Mutue Toyota Fujii Silvana Vianna Rodrigues Alexander Turra Renato Crespo Pereira 《Marine Biology》2011,158(7):1439-1446
Laurencia dendroidea shows high inter- and intrapopulation variability in the amount of the sesquiterpene elatol, caused by genetic variation
as well as environmental factors. To test the independent effect of physical and nutritional conditions, the growth and the
levels of elatol in L. dendroidea clones were evaluated under different conditions of temperature, salinity, irradiance, and culture medium in the laboratory.
Growth of L. dendroidea was clearly affected by all these factors, but elatol levels were influenced only by temperature and salinity. Better conditions
for growth did not produce a similar effect on elatol production in L. dendroidea, contradicting the carbon/nutrient balance and growth/differentiation balance models. On the contrary, severe conditions
of temperature and salinity promoted a decrease in elatol levels, as predicted by the environmental stress model. Our results
using clones indicated that abiotic factors clearly take part in fostering chemical variations observed in natural populations,
in addition to genetic factors, and can promote differential susceptibility of plant specimens to natural enemies. 相似文献
27.
Julio Fuchs Lucas Piola Elio Prieto Gonz��lez Mar��a Luisa Oneto Silvana Basack Eva Kesten Norma Casab�� 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,173(1-4):127-137
Contamination by 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a global environmental problem at sites of former explosive production, handling, or storage, and could have deleterious consequences for human and ecological health. We investigated its sublethal effects to Eisenia fetida, using two nonspecific biomarkers. In coelomocytes of earthworms exposed 24, 48, or 72 h, we evaluated DNA damage (comet assay) and neutral red retention time (NRRT), using the filter paper contact test. Both percentage of damage (D%) and calculated damage index showed significant DNA damage at almost all concentrations, at all time points assayed. Along exposure time, two different patterns were observed. At the lower TNT concentrations (0.25?C0.5 ??g/cm2) an increased DNA migration at 48 h, with a decrease close to initial levels after 72 h exposure, was observed. This decrease could be attributed to activation of the DNA repair system. At higher concentrations (1.0?C2.0 ??g/cm2), the high DNA damage observed remained constant during the 72 h exposure, suggesting that the rate of DNA repair was not enough to compensate such damage. Analysis of NRRT results showed a significant interaction between time and treatment. After 48 h, a significant decrease was observed at 4.0 ??g/cm2. After 72 h, NRRT presented a concentration-dependent decrease, significantly different with respect to control at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 ??g/cm2. The two assayed methods, performed on the same sample, showed clear responses to sublethal TNT exposure in E. fetida, providing sensitive unspecific biomarkers of cell injury and DNA damage. 相似文献
28.
29.
In Patagonia, Argentina, watching dolphins, especially dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), is a new tourist activity. Feeding time decreases and time to return to feeding after feeding is abandoned and time it takes a group of dolphins to feed increase in the presence of boats. Such effects on feeding behavior may exert energetic costs on dolphins and thus reduce an individual's survival and reproductive capacity or maybe associated with shifts in distribution. We sought to predict which behavioral changes modify the activity pattern of dolphins the most. We modeled behavioral sequences of dusky dolphins with Markov chains. We calculated transition probabilities from one activity to another and arranged them in a stochastic matrix model. The proportion of time dolphins dedicated to a given activity (activity budget) and the time it took a dolphin to resume that activity after it had been abandoned (recurrence time) were calculated. We used a sensitivity analysis of Markov chains to calculate the sensitivity of the time budget and the activity-resumption time to changes in behavioral transition probabilities. Feeding-time budget was most sensitive to changes in the probability of dolphins switching from traveling to feeding behavior and of maintaining feeding behavior. Thus, an increase in these probabilities would be associated with the largest reduction in the time dedicated to feeding. A reduction in the probability of changing from traveling to feeding would also be associated with the largest increases in the time it takes dolphins to resume feeding. To approach dolphins when they are traveling would not affect behavior less because presence of the boat may keep dolphins from returning to feeding. Our results may help operators of dolphin-watching vessels minimize negative effects on dolphins. 相似文献
30.
Metal mixtures in pregnant women and umbilical cord blood at urban populations—Rio de Janeiro,Brazil
de Figueiredo Nataly Damasceno Araújo Monica Seefelder Luiz Ronir R de Magalhaes Câmara Volney do Couto Jacob Silvana dos Santos Lisia Maria Gobbo Vicentini Santos Alves Asmus Carmen Ildes Rodrigues Froes 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(32):40210-40218
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study aims to assess interrelationships between serum lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) concentrations in pregnant women in... 相似文献