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31.
Bettinetti R Quadroni S Crosa G Harper D Dickie J Kyalo M Mavuti K Galassi S 《Ambio》2011,40(4):341-350
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is still used in Africa for the indoor control of malaria and it may represent a potential
hazard for wildlife. The littoral sediments of two alkaline-saline lakes, Natron (Tanzania) and Bogoria (Kenya), in the Eastern
Rift Valley, supporting large populations of lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor), were analysed for DDT residues. Physical–chemical analyses (temperature, conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen) were also
performed on the water of the two lakes and in the tributaries of Lake Natron, to evaluate the influence of the environmental
variables on pollutant occurrence. At Lake Natron, around 1 km from the sediment collection sites, tree leaves of Acacia tortilis were also collected. The main metabolite found in all sediment samples was pp’DDE, whilst equal concentrations of pp’DDT
and pp’DDE were measured in acacia leaves. The levels of DDTs measured in the sediments were within 5.9–30.9 ng g−1 d.w., reaching the maximum value in a tributary of Lake Natron. On the whole, the contamination of Lake Natron and Lake Bogoria
basins seems to be quite moderate. Nevertheless, the pp’DDE/pp’DDT ratio equals 1 in the Acacia tortilis leaves, which makes one suppose that the input of the parent compound was rather recent and could have been from aerial transport
or dust from relatively close-by old pesticides storage sites. 相似文献
32.
Sediment analysis to support the recent glacial origin of DDT pollution in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the present study, a depth-related distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in sediments of Lake Iseo, one of the major southern Alpine Italian lakes, is reported in order to further test the hypothesis of melting Alpine glaciers as a secondary source of contamination. In a previous paper, a “glacier contamination hypothesis” was suggested to explain the unexpected contamination of the biota of Lake Iseo, mainly fed by the Alpine melting ice.The sediment core analyses covered around the last 50 years. The organic matter profile evaluated as a Loss-On-Ignition percentage indicated transition of the basin from an oligotrophic to a mesotrophic status at around the early 1970s, but there was no evidence of the shift to eutrophy in the 1980s. Among DDTs, pp’DDE was the predominant metabolite, accounting on average for 79.4% of the total DDT concentrations and ranging from 6.4 to 447.5 ng g−1 d.w. PCBs ranged from 5.0 to 163.7 ng g−1 d.w. The maximum PCB concentrations were found in sediment layers corresponding to the 1970s when the highest production and use of these compounds occurred in Italy. In contrast, concentrations of DDTs showed a sharp increase from the early 1990s, long after their agricultural use was banned in Italy. This delayed pollution provides support for the hypothesis that the recent retreat of glaciers represents a secondary pollution source for old pesticides that were stored in the ice at the time of their use in agriculture. 相似文献
33.
Stefanelli P Barbini DA Girolimetti S Dommarco R 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2012,47(8):804-813
In the analytical analysis the measurement uncertainty is a quantitative indicator of the confidence describing the range around a reported or experimental result within which the true value can be expected. Several approaches can be used to estimate the measurement uncertainty associated to the analysis of pesticide residues: a) the top-down, the estimation can be referred to default values; b) the bottom-up the estimation is related to the uncertainty sources. Concerning the bottom-up approach, the following contributions have been investigated: weight of sample, calibration solutions, final volume of sample and intermediate repeatability studies. The commodity/residue combination selected in this study was celery/tau-fluvalinate pesticide. Tau-fluvalinate is a broad-spectrum insecticide in the pyrethroid class of pesticides. The Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) of tau-fluvalinate in celery has been set at 0.01 mg/kg. The tau- Fluvalinate showed two chromatographic peaks. Since the individual standards are not available, the two peaks were integrated separately and the instrumental responses were added. The total residue was calculated on the basis of resulted peaks. The present work aims to compare the uncertainty estimated by experimental data using repeated analysis (n = 12) of a real sample and a spiked sample. The relative expanded uncertainty for two data set, incurred and spiked, was 22 % and 20 %, respectively. No differences were observed from repeated determinations of real samples and spiked samples. 相似文献
34.
Stefano Salvestrini Silvana Canzano Pasquale Iovino Vincenzo Leone Sante Capasso 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(8):578-590
The sorption kinetics of simazine (6-chloro-N,N′-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), imidacloprid (1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine), and boscalid (2-chloro-N-(4′-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)nicotinamide), three pesticides of wide use in agriculture, was determined in five different water/soil systems over a time interval from the initial few seconds to about 1 month. In all the experiments, sorption kinetics showed a biphasic pattern characterized by an initial, relatively short phase with a high sorption rate and a later phase with much a lower sorption rate. Initial sorption capacity increased with soil organic carbon content and with sorbate hydrophobicity. We postulate that the first phase of the process involves a fast second-order sorption reaction on superficial sites of soil particles, whereas the second phase depends on diffusion-controlled migration to internal binding sites. A kinetic equation based on this hybrid model accurately fitted all data sets. Less satisfactory results were obtained employing the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich, two site non-equilibrium, or Weber-Morris equation. The superior performance of the hybrid model for describing boscalid sorption probably reflects the high hydrophobic character and consequent low diffusion rates of this compound. The accuracy of modelling was in any case strongly dependent on the time interval considered. 相似文献
35.
Roberta Bettinetti Silvana Galassi Licia Guzzella Silvia Quadroni Pietro Volta 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(9):1508-1518
Background
In the present study, we report the analytical results of pp′DDT, pp′DDE and pp′DDD determination in lake water, plankton and zooplanktivorous fish of Lake Maggiore (Northern Italy), rather recently polluted by DDT of industrial origin, in order to understand the bottom-up pollution transfer among the abiotic and biotic components of the lake ecosystem. 相似文献36.
Pasquale Iovino Silvana Canzano Vincenzo Leone Chiara Berto Stefano Salvestrini Sante Capasso 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(23):13169-13174
PM10 levels have been recorded in the suburban area of Caserta (Italy) from February to October 2012. The daily limit was exceeded in 13 % of the determinations, with no significant difference between weekdays and weekends. Benzo[a]pyrene concentrations were in the range 0.01–0.46 ng/m3, thus, never exceeding the National Standard. The B(a)P-eq was 0.20 ng/m3. PM10 peaks were associated with wind from east–northeast. The same was observed for Ca concentrations, whereas no relation with wind direction was observed for organic pollutants. The results point to a local limestone quarry and cement factory as the likely major source of PM10 pollution in the area investigated. 相似文献
37.
In this work, the treatment of landfill leachates by a photoelectrochemical procedure is reported. When applied to untreated leachates the photochemical system was significantly hindered on account of the characteristic dark coloration of the samples. At this condition the degradation process was essentially electrochemical permitting typical color and COD removal of about 50% and 20%, respectively. When a previous chemical precipitation process was applied aiming the elimination of colored species (mainly humic substances) the decolorization and COD removal was extended to 90% and 60%, respectively. Considering the extremely complex character of the leachates and its usual resistance to conventional degradation processes the result reported here attest the high potentiality of photoelectrochemical processes to remediation of recalcitrant residues. 相似文献
38.
Schneider Silvana Demarqui Fábio de Freitas Costa Eduardo 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2022,29(4):869-911
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - Populations of free-ranging dogs are still a matter of concern in developing countries. The presence of stray dogs is associated with environmental and... 相似文献
39.
40.
Griselda V. Garaffo Silvana L. Dans Susana N. Pedraza Enrique A. Crespo Mariana Degrati 《Marine Biology》2007,152(1):165-177
Off Patagonian coasts, Argentina, the dusky dolphin is one of the most common small cetaceans. This species is the aim of
newly developed watching activities during summer in Golfo Nuevo. However, the real occurrence and movement pattern are unknown.
The objectives of this work were to investigate the predictability of dusky dolphin distribution, group structure and behaviour
in the western portion of Golfo Nuevo, with respect to environmental features (bottom depth, bottom slope, distance from shore
and substrate). Random transects in the bay were searched by small boat during the summer and autumn of 2001–2004. When a
group of dolphins was sighted, estimates of group size, composition (mothers with calves, adults and juveniles only, and mixed
groups) and the predominant activity (feeding, travelling, socialising, resting and milling) were recorded and thereafter at 2 min intervals. A grid of 1.5 × 1.5 km was constructed and each cell was characterised
by environmental features, Area Use Index (percent of total annual search effort) and Activity Index (predominant behaviour
of groups observed in that cell). Mothers with calves and smaller groups and resting behaviour occurred in shallowest waters supporting the idea/hypothesis that movement to shallower water is related to increased
safety for individuals. Travelling occurred in the deepest areas with other behaviours observed in intermediate depths. Dolphin distribution within the bay
differed significantly between years, but this was not related to any of the factors analysed in this study. Although there
was considerable variation between years, in general, dolphins were found in deeper waters further from shore (except for
mother–calf groups) and over areas with steeper seafloor gradient. The high variability in the distribution of the animals
does not allow for the generation of a simple, area-specific management plan. 相似文献