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61.
Extensive research has been conducted globally into conceptual frameworks for ecosystem services, the most notable being the
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Millennium ecosystem assessment: ecosystems and human well-being; a framework for assessment.
World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, pp 51, 53–55, 2005). The South East Queensland (SEQ) Ecosystem Services Framework (Australia) aims to provide the tools to enable government,
industry, business, researchers, non-government organizations and land managers to apply the concept of ecosystem services
in their planning and management practices. This article describes the Framework and the process that has produced matrices
and maps that identify and illustrate the linkages between ecosystems, ecosystem functions, ecosystem services and the community’s
well-being. The matrices and maps derived can identify areas in the region where the most ecosystem services are generated.
This allows areas to be considered as valuable natural assets of the region, deserving appropriate protection measures or
significant offsets if they are diminished or degraded in any way. Although the Framework requires further refinement and
ongoing development, the process applied and the products produced has enabled decision makers to turn the concept of ecosystem
services into practical application in SEQ. 相似文献
62.
63.
Spatial and statistical assessment of factors influencing nitrate contamination in groundwater 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Masetti M Poli S Sterlacchini S Beretta GP Facchi A 《Journal of environmental management》2008,86(1):272-281
The weights of evidence (WofE) modeling technique has been used to analyze both natural and anthropogenic factors influencing the occurrence of high nitrate concentrations in groundwater resources located in the central part of the Po Plain (Northern Italy). The proposed methodology applied in the Lodi District combines measurements of nitrate concentrations, carried out by means of a monitoring net of 69 wells, with spatial data representing both categorical and numerical variables. These variables describe either potential sources of nitrate and the relative ease with which it may migrate towards groundwater. They include population density, nitrogen fertilizer loading, groundwater recharge, soil protective capacity, vadose zone permeability, groundwater depth, and saturated zone permeability. Once conditional dependence problems among factors have been solved and validation tests performed, the statistical approach has highlighted negative and positive correlations between geoenvironmental factors and nitrate concentration in groundwater. These results have been achieved analysing the calculated statistical parameters (weights, contrasts, normalized contrasts) of each class by which each factor has been previously subdivided. This has permitted to outline: the overall influence each factor has on the presence/absence of nitrate; the range of their values mostly influencing this presence/absence; the most and least critical combination of factor classes existing in each specific zone; areas where the influence of impacting factor classes is reduced by the presence of not impacting factor classes. This last aspect could represent an important support for a correct land use management to preserve groundwater quality. 相似文献
64.
Plant uptake of trace elements on a Swiss military shooting range: uptake pathways and land management implications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robinson BH Bischofberger S Stoll A Schroer D Furrer G Roulier S Gruenwald A Attinger W Schulin R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(3):668-676
Over 400tons of Pb enters Swiss soils annually at some 2000 military shooting ranges (MSRs). We measured elements in the leaves of 10 plant species and associated rhizospheric soil on the stop butt of a disused MSR. The geometric mean concentrations of Pb, Sb, Cu, Ni in rhizospheric soils were 10,171mg/kg, 5067mg/kg, 4125mg/kg and 917mg/kg. Some species contained Pb, Cu and Ni, above concentrations (30mg/kg, 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg) shown to be toxic to livestock. Most contaminants in leaves resulted from surface deposition. However, at soil Pb concentrations >60,000mg/kg, Equisetum arvense and Tussilago farfara took up >1000mg/kg Pb into the leaves. These plants are not hyperaccumulators, having <100mg/kg Pb in leaves at lower soil concentrations. Removal of soil with more than 30,000 Pb, from which one could smelt this metal to offset remediation costs, followed by revegetation, would minimise dust and hence leaf-borne contaminants. 相似文献
65.
Winfried Schröder Inga Hornsmann Roland Pesch Gunther Schmidt Stefan Fränzle Simone Wünschmann Heike Heidenreich Bernd Markert 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2008,20(1):62-74
Goal, Scope and Background
The study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the regional variability of nitrogen (N) and metal accumulations in terrestrial ecosystems are due to historical and recent ways of land use. To this end, in two regions of Central Europe the metal and N accumulations in both regions should be examined by comparative moss analysis. The regions should be of quantitatively specified representativity for selected ecological characteristics of Europe. Within both regions these characteristics should be covered by the sites where the moss samples were collected. The number of samples should allow for geostatistical estimation of the measured nitrogen and metal loads.Methods
The two regions of investigation were selected according to an ecological land classification of Europe which was computed by classification trees. Within each of both research areas the sampling points were localized according to the areas occupied by the ecologically defined land classes. The sampling and chemical analysis of mosses was conducted in accordance with an appropriate UNECE guideline by means of ICP-MS (metals) and combustion analysis (N). The quality of measurements was assured using certified reference materials. The differences of deposition loads were tested for statistical significance with regard to time and space. Variogram analysis was used to examine and model the spatial autocorrelation function of the measurements. Ordinary kriging was then applied for surface estimations.Results
By use of the ecological regionalisation of Europe the Weser-Ems Region (WER) and the Euro Region Nissa (ERN) were selected for investigation. The sampling sites represent quite well the natural landscapes and the land use categories of both regions. The measurement values corroborate the decline of metal accumulation observed since the beginning of the European Mosses Monitoring Survey in 1990. The metal loads of the mosses in the ERN exceed those in the WER significantly. The opposite holds true for the N concentrations: those in the WER are significantly higher than those in the ERN.Discussion
The decrease of heavy metal emissions is correlated with lowered deposition and accumulation rates in terrestrial ecosystems. The accumulation of nitrogen in the biosphere is not following this trend.Conclusions
The technique of moss analysis is adequate for spatially valid biomonitoring of spatial and temporal trends of metals and nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems. By this, it enables to prove the efficiency of environmental policies.Recommendations and Perspectives
The accumulation of N in ecosystems is still a serious environmental problem. Related ecological impacts are the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems like ground waters, lakes, rivers and oceans as well as the biocoenotic changes in terrestrial ecosystems. Thus, a statistically valid exposure analysis must encompass both, accumulation of metals and N bioaccumulation. Further, the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants should be monitored. Finally, environmental biomonitoring should be conducted in much closer contact with human health aspects. 相似文献66.
Achim Elfering Veronique Ruppen Simone Grebner 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(3):485-491
Objectives. Evidence increases that cognitive failure may be used to screen for drivers at risk. Until now, most studies have relied on driving learners. This exploratory pilot study examines self-report of cognitive failure in driving beginners and error during real driving as observed by driving instructors. Methods. Forty-two driving learners of 14 driving instructors filled out a work-related cognitive failure questionnaire. Driving instructors observed driving errors during the next driving lesson. In multiple linear regression analysis, driving errors were regressed on cognitive failure with the number of driving lessons as an estimator of driving experience controlled. Results. Higher cognitive failure predicted more driving errors(p < .01) when age, gender and driving experience were controlled in analysis. Conclusions. Cognitive failure was significantly associated with observed driving errors. Systematic research on cognitive failure in driving beginners is recommended. 相似文献
67.
Simone Cappello Santina Santisi Rosario Calogero Christoph Gertler Francesca Crisafi 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(3):239-252
A number of previous studies have shown that the relationships of symbiosis existing between mussels and microorganisms are directly dependent on the environmental conditions. However, little is known about existing relationships between mussels and bacteria in hydrocarbon-impacted marine environments. The aim of this preliminary study is to investigate the presence of oil-degrading bacteria in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis during growth in polluted ecosystems. All the experiments were carried out in a mesocosm system designed to simulate chronic pollution and to enable direct exposure of mussels to chemicals. Quantitative (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, colony-forming units, Most Probable Number) analyses and screening (presence/absence) of metabolic functional genes were performed to analyse bacterial populations inside the gills of mussels exposed and not exposed to hydrocarbons. The data obtained show that the presence of hydrocarbons affected the abundance of bacteria inside the gills of specimens and determines selection for specific (hydrocarbon-degrading) bacteria (i.e. Alcanivorax sp. and Marinobacter sp.). However, is not yet clear whether the presence of such genera of bacteria inside the mussel is due to symbiosis or as a result of filtration. 相似文献
68.
Females mating with multiple males may obtain direct benefits such as nuptial gifts or paternal care or indirect (i.e. genetic)
benefits resulting in higher-quality offspring. While direct benefits are easily identified, it is difficult to determine
indirect benefits, and it is hence largely unclear how they are obtained. This is particularly true in species with external
fertilisation, where females seem to have little control over fertilisation. In cichlids, most maternal mouthbrooders show
sequential multiple mating, where females visit several males for egg deposition. Genetic data revealed that multiple paternity
of eggs and young in the mouth of females is common, but behavioural data of female spawning decisions are missing. Here,
we test four hypotheses to explain female multiple mating in the maternally mouthbrooding cichlid, Ophthalmotilapia ventralis: (1) fertilisation insurance, (2) genetic bet-hedging, (3) female choice and (4) ‘sperm shopping’ (i.e. induction of sperm
competition resulting in sexually selected sperm). Detailed observations of spawning behaviour in the field combined with
histological analyses of the male reproductive organs suggest that fertilisation insurance, genetic bet-hedging and pre-mating
female choice are unlikely to explain the sequential female multiple mating in O. ventralis. Instead, cryptic female choice by sperm shopping, i.e. post-mating sexual selection, is most compatible with our data and
might be the major ultimate cause of multiple mating in females of this species and of mouthbrooding cichlids with maternal
care in general. Our study provides new insight into ultimate causes of sequential polyandry in species with external fertilisation,
as hitherto post-mating sexual selection by cryptic female choice has been assumed to be incompatible with external fertilisation
mechanisms except by components of the ovarian fluid. 相似文献
69.
Ronaldo Sousa Tadeusz Zając Dariusz Halabowski Olga V. Aksenova Yulia V. Bespalaya Francisco Carvalho Paulo Castro Karel Douda Janine P. da Silva Noé Ferreira-Rodríguez Juergen Geist Clemens Gumpinger Anna M. Labecka Jasna Lajtner Iga Lewin Manuel Lopes-Lima Alexandra Meira Keiko Nakamura Joana Garrido Nogueira Paz Ondina Małgorzata Ożgo Joaquim Reis Nicoletta Riccardi Spase Shumka Mikhail O. Son Amílcar Teixeira Frankie Thielen Maria Urbańska Simone Varandas Niklas Wengström Katarzyna Zając Alexandra Zieritz David C. Aldridge 《Conservation biology》2023,37(2):e13994
Europe has a long history of human pressure on freshwater ecosystems. As pressure continues to grow and new threats emerge, there is an urgent need for conservation of freshwater biodiversity and its ecosystem services. However, whilst some taxonomic groups, mainly vertebrates, have received a disproportionate amount of attention and funds, other groups remain largely off the public and scientific radar. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionida) are an alarming example of this conservation bias and here we point out six conceptual areas that need immediate and long-term attention: knowledge, threats, socioeconomics, conservation, governance and education. The proposed roadmap aims to advance research, policy and education by identifying the most pressing priorities for the short- and long-term conservation of freshwater mussels across Europe. 相似文献
70.
Plant uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen recycled from synthetic source-separated urine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christophe Bonvin Bastian Etter Kai M. Udert Emmanuel Frossard Simone Nanzer Federica Tamburini Astrid Oberson 《Ambio》2015,44(2):217-227
Urine contains about 50 % of the phosphorus (P) and about 90 % of the nitrogen (N) excreted by humans and is therefore an interesting substrate for nutrient recovery. Source-separated urine can be used to precipitate struvite or, through a newly developed technology, nitrified urine fertilizer (NUF). In this study, we prepared 33P radioisotope- and stable 15N isotope-labeled synthetic NUF (SNUF) and struvite using synthetic urine and determined P and N uptake by greenhouse-grown ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum var. Gemini) fertilized with these products. The P and N in the urine-based fertilizers were as readily plant-available in a slightly acidic soil as the P and N in reference mineral fertilizers. The ryegrass crop recovered 26 % of P applied with both urine-based fertilizers and 72 and 75 % of N applied as struvite and SNUF, respectively. Thus, NUF and urine-derived struvite are valuable N and P recycling fertilizers. 相似文献