上海人工绿地群落UVB屏蔽效应与冠层特征的关系

由于大气污染等人为因素,到达地面的紫外辐射逐年增强,而绿地作为城市居民的重要休憩场所,营造健康的绿地辐射环境至关重要.通过研究上海人工绿地典型群落内UVB辐射的日进程,并以全光照旷地为对照分析比较群落UVB屏蔽效率,采用欧氏距离聚类分析方法,对群落UVB屏蔽效率和群落叶面积指数、枝下高等冠层特征因子的相关关系进行分析并总结影响屏蔽效率的群落结构因子,以期为营造健康的绿地休憩环境提供借鉴和参考.2007年7月6-8日期间对上海植物园8种类型群落和旷地2 m高处UVB辐射进行同步观测.对观测数据分析表明:1)所测定人工群落UVB平均屏蔽效率为91.1%,群落内2m高处UVB辐射通量仅为全光照旷地的14%.毛竹群落和女贞群落屏蔽效率最高,分别为98.5%,97.8%.2)不同植物群落UVB屏蔽效率在冠层特征梯度上表现出显著的分异,植物群落内UVB辐射通量与群落叶而积指数成显著负相关关系,与群落高度和枝下高呈显著正相关关系.3)在植被覆盖较少且紫外辐射地面反射较为强烈的游憩场所,可考虑种植叶倾角较小且叶面积较大的植物,如女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)、丹桂(Osmanthus fragrans)等.     

Review of water pollution control in China

Water resource shortage and pollution has seriously threatened the survival and development of developing countries. Because of China’s specific economical and social circumstances, complete adoption of developed countries’ experience is unrealistic. At present, China needs to develop strategies and technologies in source water pollution control and municipal environmental remediation that embrace the country’s specific need to battle the water resource problem. Among them, efficient source water pretreatment is a critical step to ensure a safe municipal water supply. Unlike developed countries, it is not yet feasible in China to treat water supplied to the household and have it meet the standard of direct drinking; therefore, it is more appropriate to refer to it as service water. As a beneficial supplement, an additional community drinking water network and household drinking water apparatus can be considered.     

Enhanced atrazine removal using membrane bioreactor bioaugmented with genetically engineered microorganism

Bioaugmentation with genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for enhanced removal of recalcitrant pollutants was explored. An atrazine-degrading genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) with green fluorescent protein was inoculated into an MBR and the effects of such a bioaugmentation strategy on atrazine removal were investigated. The results show that atrazine removal was improved greatly in the bioaugmented MBR compared with a control system. After a start-up period of 6 days, average 94.7% of atrazine was removed in bioaugmented MBR when atrazine concentration of influent was 14.5 mg/L. The volumetric removal rates increased linearly followed by atrazine loading increase and the maximum was 65.5 mg/(L·d). No negative effects were found on COD removal although carbon oxidation activity of bioaugmented sludge was lower than that of common sludge. After inoculation, adsorption to sludge flocs was favorable for GEM survival. The GEM population size initially decreased shortly and then was kept constant at about 10⁴–10⁵ CFU/mL. Predation of micro-organisms played an important role in the decay of the GEM population. GEM leakage from MBR was less than 10² CFU/mL initially and was then undetectable. In contrast, in a conventionally activated sludge bioreactor (CAS), sludge bulking occurred possibly due to atrazine exposure, resulting in bioaugmentation failure and serious GEM leakage. So MBR was superior to CAS in atrazine bioaugmentation treatment using GEM.     

温度对小叶海金沙生长的影响

用野外调查测定和室内模拟的方法研究了温度对小叶海金沙生长的影响.结果表明,小叶海金沙疯狂生长群落中的温度比正常生长群落高,且温度与其净光合速率呈极显著正相关,而这两种类型群落内大气相对湿度以及光照差异较小.此外,土壤养分和土壤pH与小叶海金沙的生长速度无明显的关联性.根据研究结果推测:温度可能是小叶海金沙疯狂生长原因之一.     

催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的研究

以非贵金属Cu、Fe、Mn和Ce为主要活性成分和TiO2、-γA l2O3为载体,制备了10种用于催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的催化剂。考察了载体、焙烧温度、成分配比对催化剂催化活性与稳定性的影响,研究了氧气分压、催化剂投加量、反应温度和反应时间对催化湿式氧化过程的影响规律。结果表明:(1)Fe-Mn/-γA l2O3(3∶1∶1)催化剂是催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的可选催化剂;(2)适宜的氧气供应量为理论需氧量的3.4~4.6倍,催化剂的投加量以10 g/L为佳;在300℃下反应30 m in或在280℃下反应60 m in,处理水可达到污水综合排放标准GB9878-1996的三级标准。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对亚铁离子的氧化及其动力学研究

采用9K培养基研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化Fe^2＋过程中,pH和氧化还原电位的变化规律,并对Fe^2＋的氧化过程进行动力学分析,确定了其反应级数及反应速率常数。结果表明,（1）在温度为30℃,摇床转速为150r／min的条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的最佳接种量为10．0％;（2）Fe^2＋初始质量浓度在11．39～21．72g／L时,随着浓度的增大,Fe^2＋达到100％转化率需要的时间增加;（3）氧化亚铁硫杆菌对Fe^2＋的氧化可近似看作一级反应,反应速率常数为0．0527～0．0788h。     

新型膜-生物反应器在不同通量下的膜污染特性研究

选择适当的膜通量是膜-生物反应器控制膜污染的有效手段之一.本文根据膜通量与临界通量的关系选取了5个不同的膜通量,考察在这些通量条件下新型膜-生物反应器膜污染发展特性的变化.试验结果表明,膜通量的变化会影响膜污染的发展特性.当膜通量小于临界通量区时,膜污染发展具有"2阶段"趋势,并且膜通量越小"第1阶段"和"第2阶段"的膜污染发展速率对比越显著.当膜通量在临界通量区通量内时,首先出现短暂的膜污染快速增长期,随后膜污染发展仍呈现"2阶段"现象.当膜通量大于临界通量区通量时,膜操作压力(TMP)从开始运行即迅速上涨直至试验结束.     

高活性絮凝剂产生菌群的构建、培养及应用研究

从筛选到的絮凝剂产生菌中构建出能比单一菌群产生更高絮凝活性的复合菌群——复合菌群1（BAFRT4＋CYGS1）．为降低复合菌群1的培养成本,尝试用啤酒废水替代葡萄糖作为培养基中的碳源和能源并获得成功．在优化培养条件下,复合菌群1所产MBF的絮凝活性达96.8％．复合菌群1所产MBF对靛蓝印染废水有良好的处理效果,最大CODCr去除率和脱色率分别达79．2％和87．6％．     

浅析温室效应及控制对策

由于近年来人口激增、人类活动频繁,矿物燃料用量猛增,再加上森林植被破坏,大气中的温室气体含量不断增加,造成了温室效应加剧,将会导致全球变暖,海平面升高,给生态环境及人类健康等多方面带来影响。只有设法减少燃料的使用量,开发新能源,广泛植树造林,禁止砍伐森林,有效地控制人口,才能减缓温室效应的加剧。     

Aging activity of DDE in dissimilar rice soils in a greenhouse experiment

A green-house study was conducted in late 2005 to investigate the aging behavior of p,p'-DDE in two types of soil, Hydragric Anthrosols (An) and Hydragric Acrisols (Ac), according to the World Reference Base (WRB) [FAO/ISRIC/ISSS. 1998. World reference base for soil resources. World soil resources reports, Rome. p. 87]. Paddy rice and dry rice were grown in submerged paddy soils and non-submerged upland soils, respectively. The concentration of extractable p,p'-DDE in fresh DDE-spiked soils was 746.2ngg(-1). During the first few weeks of the experiment, the extractability of p,p'-DDE became increasingly low as the aging period prolonged. However, certain amount of p,p'-DDE that had been captured by soil minerals and organic matter (OM) could be released and became extractable in the later period. The extractability of p,p'-DDE in submerged soils was significantly lower than that in non-submerged soil, because flooding could increase the binding of pollutants to soil particles. The plantation of both dry rice and paddy rice slowed down the aging process of p,p'-DDE. After one month's growth of rice, p,p'-DDE bound to soil particles was released and became extractable. The OM and silt content of An are higher than that of Ac, resulting in more bound residues and relative lower extractability of p,p'-DDE in An. In addition, the extractability of p,p'-DDE could be reduced by the addition of rice straw to soils.