异养硝化细菌Bacillus sp. LY脱氮性能研究

研究了异养硝化细菌Bacillus sp. LY的脱氮性能.结果表明,Bacillus sp. LY是1株具有脱氮能力的异养硝化细菌.在NH⁺₄-N浓度分别为40、80和120 mg/L 3种情况下,120 h反应后,氨氮的去除率分别是100%、85.7%、73.7%,总氮的去除率分别是76.6%、53.4%、64.8%,在菌液初始浓度相同的情况下,随着NH⁺₄-N浓度的增加,细菌的硝化速率以及脱氮速率呈现下降的趋势.有机物浓度是影响Bacillus sp. LY脱氮性能的重要因素,低的有机物浓度会阻碍细菌脱氮性能的发挥,中的有机物浓度会促进细菌脱氮性能的发挥,使体系的脱氮效果达到最佳,高的有机物浓度并不能再次提升细菌的脱氮性能.在Bacillus sp. LY作用下,有机氮经过氨化作用生成氨氮,通过2条可能的途径转化为氮气.1条途径是氨氮先硝化生成亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐,然后反硝化生成氮气.另1条途径是氨氮被氧化生成羟胺,然后脱氢生成氧化亚氮并进一步转化为氮气.这些研究可为开发新型高效生物脱氮工艺提供参考.     

Bioaccumulation and translocation of cadmium in cole （Brassica campestris L.） and celery （Apium graveolens） grown in the polluted oasis soil, Northwest of China

A pot experiment was conducted to study the bioaccumulation and translocation of cadmium (Cd) in cole (Brassica campestris L.) and celery (Apium graveolens) grown in the Cd-polluted oasis soil, Northwest of China. The results showed that Cd in the unpolluted oasis soil was mainly bound to carbonate fraction (F2) and Fe-Mn oxide fraction (F3). However, marked change of Cd fractions was observed with increasing soil Cd concentrations, in which the concentration of Cd in F1 (exchangeable fraction), F2 and F3 increased significantly (p < 0.001 for F1, F2 and F3). The growth of cole and celery could be facilitated by low concentrations of Cd, but inhibited by high concentrations. The correlation analysis between the fraction distribution coefficient of Cd in the soil and Cd concentration accumulated in the two vegetables showed that Cd in F1 in the soil made the greatest contribution on the accumulation of Cd in the two vegetables. The high bio-concentration factor and the translocation factor of Cd in both cole and celery were observed, and Cd had higher accumulation in the edible parts of the two vegetables. Therefore, both cole and celery grown in Cd-polluted oasis soil have higher risk to human health. And the two vegetables are not suitable to be cultivated as vegetables consumed by human in the Cd-polluted oasis soil.     

Forest soil CO2 fluxes as a function of understory removal and N-fixing species addition

We report on the effects of forest management practices of understory removal and N-fixing species (Cassia alata) addition on soil CO2 fluxes in an Eucalyptus urophylla plantation (EUp), Acacia crassicarpa plantation (ACp), 10-species-mixed plantation (Tp), and 30-species-mixed plantation (THp) using the static chamber method in southern China. Four forest management treatments, including (1) understory removal (UR); (2) C. alata addition (CA); (3) understory removal and replacement with C. alata (UR+CA); and (4) control without any disturbances (CK), were applied in the above four forest plantations with three replications for each treatment. The results showed that soil CO2 fluxes rates remained at a high level during the rainy season (from April to September), followed by a rapid decrease after October reaching a minimum in February. Soil CO2 fluxes were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in EUp (132.6 mg/(m2·hr)) and ACp (139.8 mg/(m2·hr)) than in Tp (94.0 mg/(m2·hr)) and THp (102.9 mg/(m2·hr)). Soil CO2 fluxes in UR and CA were significantly higher (P < 0.01) among the four treatments, with values of 105.7, 120.4, 133.6 and 112.2 mg/(m2·hr) for UR+CA, UR, CA and CK, respectively. Soil CO2 fluxes were positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01), soil moisture (P < 0.01), NO3?-N (P < 0.05), and litterfall (P < 0.01), indicating that all these factors might be important controlling variables for soil CO2 fluxes. This study sheds some light on our understanding of soil CO2 flux dynamics in forest plantations under various management practices.     

环境空气功能区划分方案调整的技术思路

国内大部分地区现行的环境空气功能区划方案都是在1997年制定划分的,随着城市化进程的扩大及区域相关规划的调整变化,原环境空气功能区划分方案与现行的土地利用规划、风景区旅游规划、区域总体发展规划等存在一定的不协调,导致环境空气保护的一系列措施实际操作性不强。近年来不少地方已经为了和谐各规划的矛盾、促进区域可持续发展,提出对原环境空气功能区划局部地区的调整,本文结合相关案例,就编制环境空气功能区划调整可行性方案的技术思路进行梳理。     

我国绿色贸易转型战略取向分析

"十二五"及今后时期,绿色贸易转型是我国实现绿色经济转型的重要优先领域,是缓解对外贸易发展资源环境压力,改善环境质量,促进"十二五"环保目标实现的重要途经。本文在反思传统贸易发展方式基础上,提出实现从"以环境输出为特征"到"以生态修复为使命"的绿色贸易转型,是我国未来贸易发展长期而艰巨的使命和任务;并在进一步梳理"十二五"绿色贸易政策空间基础上,揭示出"环境输出"向"生态修复"环境友好型贸易发展方式转变,成为绿色贸易转型的重要战略取向。     

Copper and zinc interaction on water clearance and tissue metal distribution in the freshwater mussel, Cristaria plicata, under laboratory conditions

Copper and zinc interaction on clearance from water and distribution in different tissues was investigated for the freshwater mussel, Cristaria plicata, under laboratory conditions. Clearance rate of Cu or Zn from water was highly dependent on exposure concentration. Interaction effect was most evident at 300 μg·L⁻¹ Cu exposure and depressed the Zn clearance rate significantly (p<0.05). However, the presence of 100 μg·L⁻¹ and 300 μg·L⁻¹ Zn hardly affected the Cu clearance rate. The 300 μg·L⁻¹ Cu presence enhanced Cu accumulation in each tissue most significantly (p<0.01), but caused Zn content to decrease in the gills by 62% (p<0.05), viscera by 49% (p<0.05) and foot by 31% (p<0.05), and increase in the mantle by 97% (p<0.05) and the muscles by 243% (p<0.05) for different Zn exposure treatments. The response of metal accumulation in various tissues of the test mussels indicated that Zn transferred from the gills, viscera and foot to the mantle and muscles might be one of the important characteristics of the Zn regulatory mechanism by leading to a narrow range of Zn concentration in the different tissues.     

农业生态环境质量综合评价指标体系构建及适宜度分析

通过构建宝泉岭垦区农业生态环境质量评价指标体系,共4层28个指标,采用层次分析法为评价指标赋权重,为垦区农业现代化发展提供有力保障.     

颗粒海藻酸镧对饮用水中氟的吸附去除

以氯化镧与海藻酸钠为原料,采用滴球法制备了粒径为1～1.5mm的海藻酸镧小球,经过水洗、干燥后得到镧负载量25%(质量分数)的海藻酸镧颗粒吸附剂,应用该吸附剂进行饮用水除氟研究.通过间歇吸附实验,分别进行了吸附速率、pH值影响、吸附等温线、共存离子影响等吸附性能评价,并对吸附前后吸附剂表面与溶液组成变化进行研究.结果表明,该颗粒的吸附速率很快,反应2h后出水氟浓度即逐渐趋于稳定,吸附速率曲线符合拟二级反应速率方程;吸附效果受pH影响显著,在pH=4附近吸附量最大;吸附等温线数据对Langmuir方程拟合较好,其最大吸附量高达197.2mg·g-1;在常见无机干扰离子中,磷酸根与碳酸根对吸附有较大负面影响.SEM照片显示吸附前、后颗粒表面形态差异明显;吸附前、后颗粒表面EDX成分分析及溶液中离子浓度测量结果显示,吸附过程中溶液中F-同时与颗粒表面Cl-及OH-发生离子交换作用.     

速分球生物滤柱处理低C/N比废水脱氮除磷研究

速分球生物滤柱是速分技术与曝气生物滤池技术的结合。具有污泥消化和无需反冲洗等优点。实验采用速分球生物滤柱实验装置,以低C/N比生活污水为处理对象,考查了单污泥前置反硝化A2/O系统的脱氮除磷特性。实验结果表明,在平均C/N比为1.6,内回流比R为100%的条件下,平均进水COD、氨氮、TP分别为440.7、274.0和13.6 mg/L,平均去除率分别为77.0%、19.2%和42.4%。系统对氨氮的去除率较低,对总磷的去除率要明显高于对氨氮的去除率。结论得出,系统脱氮除磷的效果不理想。     

制浆造纸废水对水生生物急性毒性研究

目前我国工业废水排放的监督和管理主要以理化监测为主,而理化分析并不能实际反映出水污染源对水体中受害生物的综合毒害强度。该研究同时采用鱼类急性毒性试验、溞类急性毒性试验、发光细菌急性毒性试验和藻类生长抑制试验测定制浆造纸排放废水的生物毒性大小,根据上述毒性实验所测定的半数效应的体积百分比浓度,筛选出对该行业废水最为敏感的毒性试验方法和试验生物,同时结合毒性单位法和废水中的常规污染物浓度与特征污染物对该排放废水进行了综合评价。试验结果表明:该制浆造纸废水对斑马鱼的96 h LC50为33.24%、33.33%和32.96%,属中毒;对大型溞的48 h LC50为27.01%和37.47%,属中毒;对青海弧菌Q67的15 min EC50远远小于10%,属高毒或剧毒;对斜生栅藻的96 h EC50为50%~100%,属低毒。可见,发光细菌毒性试验方法对制浆造纸废水最为灵敏;同时测定4类生物急性毒性的方法为建立我国重点废水排放行业的生物毒性监测方法体系和适合不同污染源废水的试验生物目录库奠定了基础;虽然部分制浆造纸废水的理化指标已经达标,但是其生物毒性较强,这说明采用生物毒性监测配合理化监测方法监测水污染源排放的废水,才能更深刻了解污染物对水生态环境的实际影响,水生生物毒性试验是化学试验的必要补充。