Modeling faults among e-bike-related fatal crashes in China

Objectives: This article aims to model fault in e-bike fatal crashes in a county-level city in China.

Method: Three-year crash data are retrieved from the crash reports (2012–2014) from the Taixing Police Department. A mixed logit model is introduced to explore significant factors associated with fault assignment, as well as accounting for similarity among fault assignment and heterogeneity within unobserved variables.

Results: The modeling results indicate some interesting new findings. First, precrash behaviors of both drivers and e-bike riders are found to be significant to fault assignment. Second, bike lane and median type are significantly associated with e-bike rider fault commitment. Third, specific groups of e-bike riders (low-educated and older) and drivers (heavy good vehicles) are more likely to be at fault in e-bike crashes. Last, crash location and the built environment have significant correlations with faulty behaviors of e-bike riders.

Conclusions: Safety countermeasures are proposed including (1) the deployment of traffic design and control elements including physically separated bike lanes, medians, video surveillance systems for e-bike riders, and left-turning treatments for nonmotorists (e.g., a 2-step e-bike left turning); (2) the amendment of the current traffic regulations on drunk e-bike riders and child e-bike passengers; (3) the development of a license system for specific e-bike rider groups (older and low-educated) and a safety campaign for drivers (to increase safety awareness when parking on-street or driving heavy good vehicles). Some interesting future research topics are also suggested: e-bike riders' behaviors at unsignalized intersections and mid-block openings, e-bike safety in suburban areas, and an in-depth study of the effect of the built environment on e-bike safety.     

磁性共价有机框架的制备方法研究

磁性共价有机框架（magnetic covalent organic framework,MCOFs）是一种新型多孔结晶有机框架材料,由于其结合了磁性纳米颗粒和共价有机框架（covalent organic frameworks,COFs）的优点,具有比表面积大、热稳定性和化学稳定性良好、饱和磁化强度高等特点,能够快速实现污染物与溶液的分离,弥补了COFs难以分离和回收的缺点,因此在磁性固相萃取、生物检测、传感等方面具有巨大的潜在应用.然而关于MCOFs制备方法的文章鲜见报道,其制备方法根据磁性纳米颗粒与COFs不同的连接形式而不尽相同,根据2011—2019年关于MCOFs的重要文献,综述了目前MCOFs的制备方法,包括包覆法、单体聚合法及原位合成法等,指出了不同制备方法的优缺点,同时探讨了MCOFs今后的发展方向和潜在应用,希望能够为MCOFs研究提供理论依据.包覆法制备条件较温和,保存了磁性纳米颗粒的完整性,是最为广泛应用的一种策略方法;单体聚合法操作简单,但制备条件苛刻,可控性不强;原位合成法制备MCOFs更多依赖于单体聚合法制备的共价三嗪骨架,需要不断开发基于其他类型COFs的MCOFs制备条件.今后MCOFs的制备方法应从材料设计多样性、应用广泛性等方面进行考虑,并向有望实现大规模工业应用方面发展.      

粒径与前驱体对活性炭催化臭氧氧化的影响

利用煤质、木质、椰壳3种前驱体活性炭制得6种粒级共18种活性炭样品,作为催化剂进行催化臭氧降解草酸的效果研究.结果表明,减小活性炭粒径对催化臭氧氧化效率提升效果显著,160~300目活性炭催化臭氧氧化降解草酸速率常数是10~20目颗粒活性炭的9.2~19.0倍.煤质160~300目活性炭催化臭氧氧化降解效果最佳.活性炭粒径的倒数与催化臭氧氧化伪一级动力学速率常数呈线性关系.对官能团的滴定表明,活性炭表面的羟基数量与催化臭氧氧化一级动力学速率常数存在较为明显的指数关系.     

基于实测的建筑类涂料挥发性有机物(VOCs)含量水平及组分特征

选取内墙涂料、外墙涂料、防水涂料、地坪涂料、防腐涂料5类建筑涂料为研究对象,通过对企业生产与市场销售的涂料抽检获取涂料样品,利用国内建筑涂料挥发性有机化合物标准检测方法,对其VOCs含量水平及组分特征进行检测.结果表明,内墙涂料与外墙涂料VOCs含量水平分别处于0~145 g·L~(-1)与0~171 g·L~(-1)之间,内墙面漆、内墙底漆、外墙面漆与外墙底漆符合HJ 2537-2014中VOCs含量限值的样品数分别占抽检样品总数的90%、80%、96%与94%,VOCs含量水平较低.90%以上聚合物水泥防水涂料与丙烯酸酯聚合物乳液防水涂料VOCs含量水平都小于10 g·L~(-1),聚氨酯防水涂料VOCs含量水平处于1~324 g·L~(-1)之间.溶剂型涂料VOCs含量水平总体很高,溶剂型防腐涂料与溶剂型地坪涂料VOCs含量水平分别处于291~681 g·L~(-1)与16~580 g·L~(-1),不同成分与不同品牌溶剂型涂料VOCs含量水平有很大差异.水性建筑涂料中VOCs物种占比最高的是1,2-丙二醇与乙二醇,其次是甲醇与2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇,不同品牌涂料使用的醇类物质种类与比例不同.溶剂型建筑涂料中VOCs物种主要包括甲苯、乙苯、间/邻/对二甲苯等芳香烃类,乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯与乙酸异丁酯等酯类.     

颗粒活性炭促进高温厌氧消化的研究

近年来的研究表明,颗粒活性炭（GAC）可以通过种间电子传递（DIET）过程,来提高中温厌氧消化（MAD）产甲烷.然而,GAC是否能够提高高温厌氧消化（TAD）产甲烷,以及其促进产甲烷原理尚不明确.通过乙酸钠为基质的批试验研究了投加GAC对高温消化产甲烷的影响.批试验结果表明GAC的加入促进了高温消化效果.定量PCR结果表明GAC的加入对生物量的贡献微小,说明促进效果可能不是通过生物量实现的.高通量测序结果发现高温下添加GAC富集了Thermodesulfolbiaceae,Anaerobaculaceae,以及古菌Methanosacinacea.该研究推测GAC的促进作用可能与直接种间电子传递有关.     

污水厂中微塑料的污染及迁移特征研究进展

合成聚合物的广泛使用和持久性污染使得微塑料（<5mm）成为近年来受到广泛关注的一种新型污染物,污水的大量排放是淡水和海洋环境微塑料的主要来源之一,而污水处理厂也成为微塑料进入淡水与海洋环境的一个重要途径.通过系统调研,追溯污水处理厂中微塑料的来源,综述污水处理厂中微塑料的迁移和污染特征的研究进展,分析国内外污水处理厂中微塑料的特征和去除效果的差异性,为开展国内污水处理厂中微塑料污染研究与监督工作提供参考,并展望未来污水处理厂工艺的发展及改进方向.     

Effect of Trichoderma viride biofertilizer on ammonia volatilization from an alkaline soil in Northern China

Ammonia(NH3) volatilization is one of the primary pathways of nitrogen(N) loss from soils after chemical fertilizer is applied, especially from the alkaline soils in Northern China, which results in lower efficiency for chemical fertilizers. Therefore, we conducted an incubation experiment using an alkaline soil from Tianjin(p H 8.37–8.43) to evaluate the suppression effect of Trichoderma viride(T. viride) biofertilizer on NH3 volatilization, and compared the differences in microbial community structure among all samples. The results showed that viable T. viride biofertilizer(T) decreased NH_3 volatilization by 42.21% compared with conventional fertilizer((CK), urea), while nonviable T. viride biofertilizer(TS) decreased NH_3 volatilization by 32.42%. NH_3 volatilization was significantly higher in CK and sweet potato starch wastewater(SPSW) treatments during the peak period. T. viride biofertilizer also improved the transfer of ammonium from soil to sweet sorghum. Plant dry weights increased 91.23% and 61.08% for T and TS, respectively, compared to CK. Moreover, T. viride biofertilizer enhanced nitrification by increasing the abundance of ammonium-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria(AOB). The results of high-throughput sequencing indicated that the microbial community structure and composition were significantly changed by the application of T. viride biofertilizer. This study demonstrated the immense potential of T. viride biofertilizer in reducing NH_3 volatilization from alkaline soil and simultaneously improving the utilization of fertilizer N by sweet sorghum.     

基于MODIS_C006的乌鲁木齐10年气溶胶光学厚度变化特征

利用2006~2015年美国NASA地球观测系统(EOS)中分辨成像仪MODIS Level 2 10 km分辨率产品MYD04__L2__C006数据,分析乌鲁木齐市存在轻度以上(包括轻度)大气污染状况下的10年气溶胶光学厚度变化特征.结果表明,乌鲁木齐市10年平均AOD年内呈单峰分布,AOD从1~4月逐渐增大,4月达全年峰值,为0.37±0.19,10月达到最低值,为0.22±0.20;受春季沙尘天气频发影响,AOD季节变化特征表现为春季最大,城区大气污染状况严重,夏季、冬季次之,秋季最小,且乌鲁木齐市区大气污染状况较郊区严重;10年AOD均值为0.293;2006年出现AOD年均最高值为0.33,最低值出现在2008年,为0.24,较2007年单年降幅达23.3%.乌鲁木齐市10年AOD年际变化呈上升趋势,且低值点与高值点较以往研究均有不同程度增幅,虽然2015年出现减弱势头,乌鲁木齐市近10年的大气污染状况仍较严重,仍需加强控制.     

中国沿海11省市海洋产业结构与海域承载力脉冲响应分析

运用中国沿海11省市1996~2014年的海洋产业结构和海域承载力的相关数据,基于VAR（vector autoregression）模型,综合运用ADF（augmented dickey fuller）检验、协整检验、脉冲响应和方差分解,研究其海洋产业结构与海域承载力综合水平之间的相互关系。结果显示:三大区域的海洋产业结构与海域承载力间互为因果关系。通过分析三者的脉冲响应图可见,海洋产业结构对海域承载力存在正负向影响程度不同且存在明显差异。最后通过方差分析分析两者之间影响波动的情况。     

O3/UV降解喹啉过程中的毒性变化

利用发光细菌新鲜菌悬液进行毒性测试，研究了O3／UV降解喹啉过程中的毒性变化．研究表明，在选取的浓度范围内，无论是HgCl2还是喹啉，发光细菌发光抑制率(或相对发光量)与物质浓度的对数均呈线性关系．采用处于对数生长期初期的发光细菌进行毒性测试时的灵敏度和最低检测限都很理想，适合于毒性测试．O3／UV降解喹啉时，体系毒性出现先迅速上升并保持一段时间随后缓慢下降然后又缓慢上升的现象．O3／UV降解喹啉过程中产生了毒性更强的中间产物，这些产物是导致体系毒性上升的主要因素。