垃圾焚烧飞灰中Cd、Pb、Zn的螯合稳定与水泥固化处理

采用有机硫稳定剂 (DTCR) 与水泥对城市垃圾焚烧飞灰进行稳定/固化处理,研究了飞灰中Cd、Pb、Zn的浸出毒性和固化体的抗压强度,比较了螯合稳定与水泥固化对Cd、Pb、Zn的处理效果、养护时间对固化体抗压强度的影响,并对飞灰的结构形貌进行了分析。结果表明,在稳定固化过程中飞灰中发生了复杂的螯合、水化反应,重金属形态由不稳定态向稳定态转变,螯合稳定对Cd的处理效果最好,水泥固化更适用于Pb、Zn。固化时间大于7 d后,飞灰中的重金属以及固化体的抗压强度已较为稳定。螯合稳定协同水泥固化的处理效果优于单一的稳定或固化方法,飞灰在固化7 d后可同时达到重金属浸出毒性和抗压强度标准,满足安全填埋要求。     

Identification of water quality management policy of watershed system with multiple uncertain interactions using a multi-level-factorial risk-inference-based possibilistic-probabilistic programming approach

In this study, a multi-level-factorial risk-inference-based possibilistic-probabilistic programming (MRPP) method is proposed for supporting water quality management under multiple uncertainties. The MRPP method can handle uncertainties expressed as fuzzy-random-boundary intervals, probability distributions, and interval numbers, and analyze the effects of uncertainties as well as their interactions on modeling outputs. It is applied to plan water quality management in the Xiangxihe watershed. Results reveal that a lower probability of satisfying the objective function (θ) as well as a higher probability of violating environmental constraints (q _i ) would correspond to a higher system benefit with an increased risk of violating system feasibility. Chemical plants are the major contributors to biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total phosphorus (TP) discharges; total nitrogen (TN) would be mainly discharged by crop farming. It is also discovered that optimistic decision makers should pay more attention to the interactions between chemical plant and water supply, while decision makers who possess a risk-averse attitude would focus on the interactive effect of q _i and benefit of water supply. The findings can help enhance the model’s applicability and identify a suitable water quality management policy for environmental sustainability according to the practical situations.

     

可渗透反应墙技术在固废填埋场渗滤液处理中的应用

可渗透反应墙技术(PRB)是一种高效、节能、绿色、可持续的原位修复技术,能有效治理垃圾渗滤液及污染地下水。由于固废填埋场渗滤液性质类似,PRB技术也可用于固废填埋场渗滤液的原位处理。以重金属污染土壤经固化/稳定化修复后安全填埋产生的渗滤液为研究对象,经前期调研筛选PRB反应介质,采用静态批实验、动态柱实验评估反应介质的修复效果,同时通过PRB设计、施工、运行监测等工程实践验证PRB技术处理渗滤液的可实施性。结果表明,选择赤铁矿和石灰石作为PRB反应介质,当赤铁矿∶石灰石=2∶1、反应时间为12 h时,对镍、砷、锑吸附容量分别达到499.31、494.32、18.63 mg·kg⁻¹。以赤铁矿∶石灰石=2∶1作为柱实验填充材料时,反应0~28 d溶液中砷、锑的浓度均远低于修复目标值,镍的浓度在反应0~14 d内达标、21 d后浓度急剧上升穿透PRB柱。采用上述填充材料建设与渗滤液收集池一体化的连续反应墙时,设计墙体厚度1.5 m。在工程运行初期,PRB建成使用1~3月后,场内监测井污染物数据均达到地下水Ⅳ类标准,且下游监测井污染物数据施工前后无变化未造成二次污染。PRB处理固废填埋场渗滤液具备一定应用前景。     

甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)对环境的污染及其对我国汽油生产的影响

本文简要介绍了汽油添加剂MTBE对环境的污染及减少MTBE污染机理研究的进展 ,同时介绍了对我国汽油生产的影响     

污泥酸化速率影响因子的探讨

采用城市污水厂污泥作为嗜酸微生物菌株来源,通过添加一定量的单质硫,使其中的嗜酸硫杆菌群大量增殖,并使污泥pH大幅降低.取得的培养物可用于废旧干电池中重金属沥滤等的处理.由于培养物对重金属沥滤效率和污泥的酸化速率密切相关,为此进行了不同的污泥种类、加硫量、污泥浓度和曝气强度对污泥酸化速率影响的实验.实验表明,初沉泥、二沉泥和混合浓缩污泥都能迅速利用硫产酸;加硫量(以100 mL污泥计)在0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 g时,快速酸化的趋势相同.0.5 g的加硫量显示出略微慢的酸化速率,最后达到的最低pH在1.2左右,其他三个都降至1.0以下.污泥质量分数在0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%时,也具有相同的酸化趋势,0.5%质量分数的污泥下降速率最快,这与较低浓度下污泥对pH的缓冲能力较小有关;曝气强度在0.45 L/min和0.3 L/min差别较小,5 d内能迅速降低pH,0.2 L/min的酸化速率较慢,足够长的时间(12 d)也能将pH降至2.5左右,0.1 L/min的曝气强度的酸化速率最慢,不能达到预期的酸化效果.     

Determination and distribution characteristics of degradation products of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in the rivers of Taiwan

Concentrations of degradation products of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) were analyzed in river water samples in order to determine the distribution characteristic of these alkylphenolic compounds in 18 major rivers of Taiwan. The degradation products of NPEOs were detected in all river samples, with the dicarboxylates alkylphenolic degradation products (CAPEC) being detected most frequently and at the highest concentrations. Concentrations of NP and NP1EO in rivers ranged from n.d. to 5.1 μg l⁻¹ and n.d. to 0.5 μg l⁻¹, respectively. The total concentrations of shortened carboxylates (i.e., NP1EC + NP2EC + NP3EC) and dicarboxylates alkylphenolic degradation products (CAP1EC + CAP2EC) ranged from n.d. to 63.6 μg l⁻¹ and n.d. to 94.6 μg l⁻¹, respectively. Concentrations of NP2EC, NP3EC and all CAPEC residues were determined semi-quantitatively by comparing with the internal standard. Significantly higher concentrations of CAPEC residues were detected in the river waters as compared to those of NP, NP1EO and NPEC degradation products and the average proportions of these compounds in the samples of the rivers were as follows: NP + NP1EO was 5 ± 2.5%, total NPEC was 25 ± 12%, and total CAPEC was 70 ± 12%. The high concentration ratios of CAPEC/NPEC illustrate that aerobic biodegradation plays a main route in the fate of NPEO in the rivers of Taiwan.     

Total life cycle emissions of post-Panamax containerships powered by conventional fuel or natural gas

This study proposes an easy-to-apply method, the Total Life Cycle Emission Model (TLCEM), to calculate the total emissions from shipping and help ship management groups assess the impact on emissions caused by their capital investment or operation decisions. Using TLCEM, we present the total emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) during the 25-yr life cycle of 10 post-Panamax containerships under slow steaming conditions. The life cycle consists of steel production, shipbuilding, crude oil extraction and transportation, fuel refining, bunkering, and ship operation. We calculate total emissions from containerships and compare the effect of emission reduction by using various fuels. The results can be used to differentiate the emissions from various processes and to assess the effectiveness of various reduction approaches. Critical pollutants and GHGs emitted from each process are calculated. If the containerships use heavy fuel oil (HFO), emissions of CO₂ total 2.79 million tonnes (Mt), accounting for 95.37% of total emissions, followed by NO_x and SO_x emissions,which account for 2.25% and 1.30%, respectively.The most significant emissions are from the operation of the ship and originate from the main engine (ME).When fuel is switched to 100% natural gas (NG), SO_x, PM₁₀, and CO₂ emissions show remarkable reductions of 98.60%, 99.06%, and 21.70%, respectively. Determining the emission factor of each process is critical for estimating the total emissions. The estimated emission factors were compared with the values adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).The proposed TLCEM may contribute to more accurate estimates of total life cycle emissions from global shipping.

Implications: We propose a total life cycle emissions model for 10 post-Panamax container ships. Using heavy fuel oil, emissions of CO₂ total 2.79 Mt, accounting for approximately 95% of emissions, followed by NO_x and SO_x emissions. Using 100% natural gas, SO_x, PM₁₀, and CO₂ emissions reduce by 98.6%, 99.1%, and 21.7%, respectively. NO_x emissions increase by 1.14% when running a dual fuel engine at low load in natural gas mode.     

接枝羧基淀粉对贵金属离子吸附性能研究

研究了接枝羧基淀粉（ＩＳＣ）对贵金属离子Ａｇ（Ⅰ）,Ｐｄ（Ⅱ）、Ｐｔ（Ⅳ）的静态吸附性能和选择性及介质的ＰＨ对其吸附性能的影响,利用接枝羧基淀粉与Ａｇ（Ⅰ）形成螯合物的红外光谱和Ｘ－射线光电子能谱数据（ＸＰＳ）探讨了其吸附作用机理。     

宜兴市城市污水处理厂的水污染特征分析

根据对宜兴市污染源分析,结合当地10座污水处理厂的实际调查,在现阶段排放标准下,利用等标污染负荷法评价出污水厂出水的污染特征;同时,对各污水厂进行污染程度排序,筛选出主要污染源区域及其主要污染物。对比分析表明,污水厂出水一级A标准个别指标超过地表水V类水质标准多倍,其出水入河仍对水环境污染负荷有一定影响;就宜兴污水处理厂而言,等标污染负荷分析表明,宜兴清源污水处理厂为主要污染源,出水污染物中TP和COD为其主要污染物。     

壳聚糖Pb2+螯合吸附剂的性能表征

用先印迹和后印迹方法制备了2种壳聚糖Pb2+螯合吸附剂(Pb-TMCS和TMCS-Pb),考察了吸附剂对 Pb2+的吸附性能。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和X 射线能谱仪 (EDS)对吸附前后的Pb-TMCS,TMCS-Pb及壳聚糖(CS)分别进行形貌、结构及组成的表征。结果表明, 与TMCS-Pb和CS相比,先印迹方法制备的Pb-TMCS对Pb2+的吸附容量最大,可达45.38 mg/g;表面更加粗糙;包覆了磁性物质Fe3O4,具有磁性,能够迅速从吸附后的溶液中分离出来;对Pb2+的吸附机理是—NH2、—OH和CS与Pb2+发生了螯合反应;先印迹能留下更多印迹空穴,对Pb2+的吸附选择性更好。