连云港春季PM2.5中主要水溶性无机离子污染特征及来源解析

于2017年3月1日—5月31日监测分析了连云港市大气PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性无机离子质量浓度的日变化规律,以及与气象因子、PM10、PM_(2.5)相关性。结果表明,水溶性无机离子质量浓度与环境空气中NO_2、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2. 5)显著相关,与气温、风速、能见度等呈负相关;日变化呈明显单峰型,峰值出现在08:00左右;水溶性无机离子季度均值为27. 2μg/m~3,占ρ(PM_(2.5))平均50%左右,ρ(NO_3~-)、ρ(SO_4~(2-))和ρ(NH_4~+)占ρ(水溶性无机离子)总85%以上;指出,SO_4~(2-)主要受远距离传输的影响,NO_3~-和NH_4~+主要受局地源的影响。     

The influence of heterogeneous environmental regulation on the green development of the mining industry: empirical analysis based on the system GMM and dynamic panel data model

The intensity of environmental regulation (ERI) affects the short-term effect of the level of green mining (GML), and which structure determines the long-term mechanism. Based on the panel data from 2001 to 2015, with the dynamic panel model and system GMM estimation method were employed to test the influence of heterogeneous environmental regulation on green mining and its transmission mechanism. The results show that, there is a “U” type nonlinear relationship between the ERI and GML. The direct effect of command-control-based (CAC) and the market incentive-based (MBI) environmental regulation on green development of mining shows the characteristics of inhibition and promotion. There is a “U” type of indirectly moderating effect between technological innovation and the energy consumption structure on the GML. The technological innovation promotes the green development of the mining industry only after pass the inflection point of MBI, while the CAC plays a significant guiding role in upgrading of the energy consumption structure. There is an inhibition and promotion effect of MBI on the GML in the southeast coastal area, and the CAC is not significantly. Meanwhile, both of the ERI shows no positive effects in the central and western inland region.     

Isolation and identification of potential fungal species for spent engine lubrication oil remediation in Peninsular Malaysia

Improper disposal and spills of spent engine oil into the environment can result in contamination, which eventually affects humans through the food chain. Mycoremediation is an effective and inexpensive alternative to clean up spent engine oil contamination. In recent work, the potential effectiveness of fungi for degrading spent engine oil was confirmed, with the species identified through molecular identification. Fungi that were able to grow in Bushnell Haas Broth supplied with spent engine oil were identified with the potential to utilize spent engine oil as a carbon source. Six species of fungi namely Penicillium simplicissimum, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Aspergillus ustus, and Aspergillus flavus were successfully identified in this study. Over a course of seven days, P. simplicissimum (21.11 percent) was identified as the most effective fungi in degrading spent engine oil, followed by A. nidulans (17.75 percent), A. niger (15.85 percent), T. longibrachiatum (15.12 percent), A. ustus (15.02 percent), and A. flavus (11.80 percent). As these species of fungi were isolated from the natural environment in Peninsular Malaysia, the potential of using these fungi as mycoremediation of spent engine oil was therefore confirmed.     

2015年冬季苏州城市热岛特征研究

基于Landsat土地利用类型分类资料、夜间灯光影像资料、自动气象站资料以及大气边界层探测资料,划分出城市、郊区以及湖区代表站,分析了苏州2015年1月城市热岛日变化、昼夜差异特征以及城、湖温度差日变化特征,并对苏州城市热岛分布特征以及城、湖大气边界层结构差异进行分析。结果显示：(1)白天热岛强度小,09~17时热岛强度均小于1℃,最小值仅为02℃;夜间热岛强度大,19~05时热岛强度维持在12℃以上,最大值为17℃。(2)城、湖温差白天为正,夜间为负,市区变温速率比湖区快约02℃/h。(3) 苏州白天热中心形状不规则,范围大,城郊温差小,夜间形成单一封闭稳定热中心,热中心形状与市区有较好对应,城、郊温差维持在15℃左右。冬季地面盛行西北风,太湖湖陆风现象显著,湖陆风和盛行风向共同影响城市热羽向西南方向发展。（4）城、湖虚位温廓线在白天差异小,均有不稳定边界层形成,夜间市区仍维持不稳定边界层,而湖区有稳定边界层发展,近地层内干岛效应显著。(5)城市热岛影响范围有明显日变化特征,白天城市热岛影响范围小于40 m,夜间大于200 m。     

邻避型PPP项目的运营模式与居民环境行为研究

运营模式的科学设计以及居民环境行为的有效管理是邻避型PPP项目能否成功的关键。针对邻避项目存在的低收益和居民环境行为转变难两大问题,本文基于计算实验理论与方法构建邻避型PPP项目的运营模式与居民环境行为模型。通过对利益相关主体的社会属性与行为变化规律分析,进而设计运营商、政府、居民和从业人员等主体的计算实验交互规则。模型与计算实验研究了邻避型PPP项目的运营状态和居民环境行为在自负盈亏与统一价格、最小收益保证与统一价格、固定收益率与统一价格、自负盈亏与阶梯价格、最小收益保证与阶梯价格、最小收益保证与阶梯价格以及固定收益率与阶梯价格等六种情景下的演变规律。研究发现:(1)阶梯价格能在短期内改善邻避型PPP项目的运营状况,统一价格机制更有利于项目长远发展。(2)自负盈亏并不是邻避型PPP项目的一个理想方案,收益担保是一个相对稳妥可行的选择,而固定收益率是一个对政府财政有高要求的优化模式,可优化居民环境行为并降低PPP项目的邻避效应。(3)自负盈亏模式下运营商无心开展环境教育和提高从业人员待遇,固定收益率模式有利于推行环境教育并提高从业人员待遇。(4)邻避型PPP项目的环境投入-环境意愿-环境行为之间存在时滞效应。这意味着,较难通过收益模式与价格机制的调整实现系统的最优化,市场的力量无法协调邻避型PPP项目目前存在的矛盾与冲突,需要政府统一管理价格并保证社会资本的回报。同时,改善居民环境行为和管理邻避项目是一个复杂系统工程,需要有系统的筹划与长期时间的积累。     

农地整理项目治理绩效及影响因素研究——以浙江省48个国投项目为例

从农村土地整理的内涵及现实情境出发构建投入产出绩效评价指标体系,运用DEA方法对浙江省已竣工验收的48个国家投资土地整理项目效率水平进行测度,借此深入分析农村土地整理项目的治理绩效以及影响因素,旨在为改善我国农村土地整理项目治理绩效研究提供新的理论与方法。研究结果显示:(1)浙江省48个国家投资项目的综合效率均值为0.851、技术效率均值为0.903、规模效率均值为0.936,说明项目总体治理绩效较好,但项目之间的差异比较明显;(2)超效率分析发现,杭州北部、宁波南部和温州东南部等自然和社会条件较好地区的项目绩效水平较高,衢州西部和奉化西南等丘陵地区绩效水平较低;(3)影响因素分析发现,生态防护林种植数量、灌溉渠系长度、土地平整土方量、田间道路长度等工程投入过量,作物总产值增加量、单位面积涉及人口数、植被覆盖率等产出不足是导致绩效不高的主要原因;(4)DEA分析法是一种有效的治理绩效分析法,有助于从技术改进和规模调整角度来理解农村土地整理项目治理绩效内涵。根据结论,提出应该从生产技术上增强项目投入产出的转化能力,以改善绩效水平。     

Removal of nitrogen from wastewaters by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) using granules in upflow reactors

Nitrogen pollution of waters has sometimes caused severe eutrophication, leading to the death of fishes and most aquatic life. There is therefore a need for efficient and cost-effective methods to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich wastewaters. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is a promising process to remove nitrogen because this process directly oxidizes ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) to dinitrogen gas (N₂) under anoxic condition. Nonetheless, a challenge of this process is that chemolithoautotrophic Anammox bacteria grow slowly at the beginning, thus resulting in low Anammox biomass and instability of reactors. Such issues can be overcome by granulation of the Anammox sludge. Here, we review the characteristics of the Anammox bacteria, and the formation, structure and flotation of Anammox granules under high hydraulic loadings. We also evaluate the performances of full-scale granular Anammox processes. The major points are: 1) Anammox bacteria secrete a large amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), up to 415 mg g^?1 of volatile suspended solids (VSS), containing many hydrophobic functional groups that facilitate biomass granulation. 2) Granulation enhances the sludge settling property and retention time, which contributes to the extremely high nitrogen removal rate of 77 kg m^?3 d^?1 of Anammox upflow reactors. 3) Flotation of Anammox granules frequently occurs under nitrogen removal rate higher than 10 kg m^?3 d^?1, which is mainly due to the overproduction of EPS under high hydraulic conditions.     

常用农药助剂类产品对水生生物效应研究进展

农药助剂是在农药制剂加工和使用中加入的除农药有效成分以外的其他辅助物质的总称。农药助剂在提高农药制剂药效、改善药剂性能、稳定制剂质量和降低活性成分危害等方面都起着相当重要的作用。几乎所有化学合成的农药原药都需添加农药助剂成为具有实际使用价值的农药制剂。农药助剂本身虽不具备对靶标生物的杀灭作用,但并不意味着其对环境或人体不具有危害性,部分现今仍在流通使用的农药助剂可导致健康危害,如致癌、致畸、致突变、危害神经系统,具有内分泌干扰作用等。截止目前,由于农药施用带来的农药助剂的危害问题很少引起研究人员关注,我国在农药助剂管理方面还是空白,亟需引起管理部门的重视并制订相关的防控法规。农药助剂种类繁多,我国习惯上将其分为非表面活性剂和表面活性剂两大类。本文总结了包括常用溶剂,非离子型、阳离子型和阴离子型表面活性剂在内的常用助剂对藻类、大型溞和鱼类等水生生物的急慢性毒性效应,并综述了烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚类助剂及其降解产物对水生生物的内分泌干扰效应。鉴于农药助剂对生态环境和人类的健康风险,本文还提出了我国农药助剂环境安全管理策略建议。     

微塑料与农药污染的联合毒性作用研究进展

近海环境中的微塑料污染问题已成为全球性的环境问题,引起了世界范围内的广泛关注。微塑料不仅能够对生物造成物理损伤,而且塑料中的添加剂如邻苯二甲酸酯、双酚A、多溴二苯醚等也会随着塑料的风化而浸出进入环境,对生物产生毒害,同时,微塑料还能吸附海洋环境中的其他污染物,从而对生物产生联合毒性作用。本文综述了微塑料与持久性有机污染物的联合作用,结果表明聚苯乙烯微塑料能够吸附海水中的持久性有机污染物如多环芳烃、多氯联苯、有机氯农药滴滴涕,从而可能导致这些污染物在海洋生物组织中富集,对人类健康存在直接或间接危害。最后本文在总结前人研究的基础上,对未来微塑料与农药污染联合毒性作用的研究方向做了简要分析和展望。     

3种酰胺类除草剂对斑马鱼不同生长阶段的急性毒性效应

为探明酰胺类除草剂对鱼类不同生长阶段的毒性效应,分别以斑马鱼胚胎、8日龄仔鱼、55日龄幼鱼和3月龄成鱼为受试对象,研究3种酰胺类除草剂乙草胺、丙草胺和丁草胺对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)不同生长阶段的毒性效应。研究发现,高浓度乙草胺、丙草胺和丁草胺均可抑制斑马鱼胚胎的孵化。乙草胺对斑马鱼胚胎、仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 h-LC50值分别为5.82、1.34、3.00、1.44 mg·L-1,毒性从高到低顺序依次为:仔鱼成鱼幼鱼胚胎。丙草胺对斑马鱼胚胎、仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 hLC50值分别为2.79、2.02、2.26、2.01 mg·L-1,毒性从高到低顺序依次为:仔鱼、成鱼幼鱼胚胎。丁草胺对斑马鱼胚胎、仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 h-LC50值分别为1.73、0.919、3.37、1.19 mg·L-1,毒性从高到低顺序依次为:仔鱼成鱼胚胎幼鱼。研究结果表明,酰胺类除草剂对斑马鱼4个典型生长阶段的毒性差异较大,仔鱼阶段对酰胺类除草剂最敏感,成鱼其次。