超滤法回收PVA并回用于生产的扩大实验

本工作采黑由美国引进的超滤装置,在湖南湘潭纺织印染厂进行了从退浆废水中回收pVA的生产性扩大试验,探讨了料液温度、浓度,操作压力等因素对超滤性能的影响,并简单介绍了回收浆料回用于浆纱,织布及印染生产的情况。     

一株兼性自养菌硫转化性能的研究

研究了一株具有硫转化性能的兼性自养菌的培养特性,以及不同因素对该菌硫转化纺的影响,结果表明：有机物可促进细菌的生长,合适的氮源、适宜的ｐＨ、添加微量元素,可提高该菌的硫转化率。在约１％接种量时,硫转化率可达８７．４２％。     

Multiple radon entry modeling in a house with a cellar.

Combining a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and a multi-zonal model, a study was carried out on radon entry through the complex substructure of a house with a cellar. The uniqueness of the radon entry problem in this type of house was due to the involvement of two radon entry routes to two chambers: the cellar and the living area of the house. Soil gas carrying radon was driven through the two routes by two coupled disturbance pressures in the chambers. The effects of temperature differences were considered as another driving force for the radon entry. Examined in this study were the effects of the geometry of the substructure, air permeability of the soil, air-tightness of the cellar shell, and cellar ventilation on radon entry to both the cellar and the living area. The ground floor covering on top of the soil outside a cellar wall increased radon entry through this wall by about 68%, as radon built up to a very high level under the covering. The effect of cellar ventilation was found as follows: the cellar ventilation created a layer of airflow in the soil under the ground floor; the flow passed over a crack in the ground floor, the entry route to the living area, diluting the radon in the area. Hence, the soil gas entering the living area carried less radon. Cellar ventilation seems more effective in reducing radon entry to the living area in a more permeable soil and leaky cellar shell; a moderate cellar ventilation condition achieved 77% reduction in radon entry to the area. When permeability of these two materials was lower and soil radon content remained the same, the chances of radon entry was also lower; hence, the indoor radon level was lower and no radon control was needed. When such soil contains high radon concentration, other mitigation measures must be sought.     

Nitrogen removal from landfill leachate via ex situ nitrification and sequential in situ denitrification

Ex situ nitrification and sequential in situ denitrification represents a novel approach to nitrogen management at landfills. Simultaneous ammonia and organics removal was achieved in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The results showed that the maximum nitrogen loading rate (NLR) and the maximum organic loading rate (OLR) was 0.65 g N l^?1 d^?1 and 3.84 g COD l^?1 d^?1, respectively. The ammonia and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was over 99% and 57%, respectively. In the run of the CSTR, free ammonia (FA) inhibition and low dissolved oxygen (DO) were found to be key factors affecting nitrite accumulation. In situ denitrification was studied in a municipal solid waste (MSW) column by recalculating nitrified leachate from CSTR. The decomposition of MSW was accelerated by the recirculation of nitrified leachate. Complete reduction of total oxidized nitrogen (TON) was obtained with maximum TON loading of 28.6 g N t^?1 TS d^?1 and denitrification was the main reaction responsible. Additionally, methanogenesis inhibition was observed while TON loading was over 11.4 g N t^?1 TS d^?1 and the inhibition was enhanced with the increase of TON loading.     

Field investigation into unsaturated flow and transport in a fault: model analyses

Results of a fault test performed in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, were analyzed using a three-dimensional numerical model. The fault was explicitly represented as a discrete feature and the surrounding rock was treated as a dual-continuum (fracture-matrix) system. Model calibration against seepage and water-travel-velocity data suggests that lithophysal cavities connected to fractures can considerably enhance the effective fracture porosity and therefore retard water flow in fractures. Comparisons between simulation results and tracer concentration data also indicate that matrix diffusion is an important mechanism for solute transport in unsaturated fractured rock. We found that an increased fault-matrix and fracture-matrix interface areas were needed to match the observed tracer data, which is consistent with previous studies. The study results suggest that the current site-scale model for the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain may underestimate radionuclide transport time within the unsaturated zone, because an increased fracture-matrix interface area and the increased effective fracture porosity arising from lithophysal cavities are not considered in the current site-scale model.     

厌氧降解两种苯二甲酸酯的试验研究

以邻苯二甲酸二[2-乙基己]酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为研究对象,以废水污泥和填埋场沥出液为接种物,在严格厌氧环境下,进行了苯二甲酸酯生物降解的研究试验。结果表明,DBP有较好的可降解性,去除率大于95％;而DEHP在填埋场沥出液培养样中去除率小于30％;但当接种物为消化污泥时,DEHP的去除率为89．7％。产甲烷的微生物群在邻苯二甲酸二酯的降解过程中起着非常重要的作用。     

Fenton-混凝法处理焦化废水的试验研究

对Fenton预氧化-混凝法联用技术处理焦化废水进行了研究，探讨了Fenton氧化阶段H2O2投加量、混凝阶段pH值以及混凝剂投加量等因素对焦化废水COD去除率的影响，确定了最佳处理条件。结果表明，Fenton预氧化一混凝法处理焦化废水取得了良好效果，COD去除率达97．5％，为该工艺实际处理焦化废水提供了实验依据。     

Arsenism Clinical Stages and their Relation with Hair Arsenic Concentration of Residents of Bayinmaodao Rural District, Inner Mongolia, China

The clinical skin lesions of arsenism in men and women in Bayinmaodao rural district in Inner Mongolia, Peoples Republic of China, have been examined by doctors, and their hair and drinking water samples analysed for arsenic by hydride generation and ICP-AES. Altogether 311 arsenism patients with a 15.53% prevalence rate for the district were recorded. The disease prevalence rate was positively related to population, age, and their exposure to elevated arsenic concentrations in the drinking water from 1983 when new wells were dug and drinking of surface water was abandoned. Hyperkeratosis was the most serious skin lesion with the highest occurrence rate, then depigmentation and pigmentation in decreasing order. With increasing severity of the disease, ranging from skin lesion with single hyperkeratosis 1° to hyperkeratosis 3° with depigmentation 3° and pigmentation 3°, the results showed that arsenic concentrations in head hair had increased. Arsenic concentrations in hair were positively correlated with the arsenic concentrations in drinking water obtained from local wells.     

我国粮食安全保障中改善农业环境的途径

本文分析了我国粮食安全及粮食持续生产所依托的农业环境状况。从我国粮食生产状况与经济发展水平看,全国粮食生产处于结构性过剩与低水平安全中,区域性粮食安全与不安全并存;耕地资源、水资源以及农民的经济收入状况等均不容乐观,加之自然灾害加重,粮食生产的环境成本将随之增加,这将影响我国未来粮食安全。为此,本文提出了走农业集约化道路是解决我国粮食安全与改善环境的基本途径。