Methodology for an urban ecological footprint to evaluate sustainable development in China

The ecological footprint (EF) is a method for measuring sustainable development through ecological impact. A methodology is presented for predicting urban ecological footprints. Urban energy use and natural resource consumption were analyzed to calculate an EF based on land type (arable, pasture, forest, fossil energy land, built-up area and water area) and consumption (food, housing, transportation, goods, services and waste). The result was then compared with the local ecological carrying capacity to develop criteria for sustainable ecological footprints. Case studies of four cities in China (Guangzhou, Ningbo, Suzhou and Yangzhou) illustrate the urban EF approach. The time series of EF in a case study of Guangzhou for 1991–2001 was analyzed and the consumption–land-use matrix of urban EF was established. The results show that the cities are ecologically unsustainable, with average ecological conflicts per capita of more than 2 ha. The urban EF method is useful to measure urban sustainable development and provides policy proposals for decision-making. However, the EF method still has limitations and weaknesses.     

Gliding arc plasma processing for decomposition of chloroform

The decomposition of chloroform (CHCl₃) diluted in air was studied. The experiment was carried out by using a gliding arc plasma. Different values of initial concentrations of chloroform, total gas flow rates, and input power frequencies have been used to investigate this effects on the conversion reaction products both qualitatively and quantitatively. Experimental results indicate that the maximum conversion of chloroform was 97% at a total gas flow rate of 180?L?h^?1 containing 1% chloroform. Using air as carrier gas, decomposition of CHCl₃ produces CCl₄, CO₂, CO, and Cl₂ as the main products. Small amounts of HCl and COCl₂ are also detected. Liquid products were also produced.     

橡胶种植对纳板河流域热带雨林生态系统的影响

通过实地调查数据对云南纵向岭谷区纳板河自然保护区热带雨林生态系统(包括不同海拔高度的3个样地),不同种植年限的人工橡胶林(分别为种植8 a、种植20 a和种植30 a的3个样地)及1个次生林样地,植被和土壤的比较研究,定量分析了橡胶种植对热带雨林生态系统的影响.研究结果表明,①热带雨林随海拔高度的下降,生物量和土壤养分含量均呈增加趋势;中海拔热带雨林物种丰富度最高,群落层次丰富.②热带雨林开采为橡胶林之后,群落层次结构简单化,物种多样性明显下降,地上生物量下降,土壤养分状况变劣,次生林介于二者之间.研究结果可以为该地区土地的持续利用与生物多样性保护提供依据.     

基于生态足迹方法的武汉市自然资本分析

生态足迹方法是目前研究自然资本状况的常用方法之一,能够较好地体现区域可持续发展态势.文章运用生态足迹方法对武汉市1995年、2000 年、2005年自然资本消长情况进行了量化研究、对比分析,研究结果表明:武汉市1995年、2000 年、2005年的自然资本需求和供给比例分别达到18.402∶1、20.765∶1、27.276∶1,供需矛盾显著;人均生态赤字分别达到2.4206 hm2·人-1、2.5163 hm2·人-1、2.9009 hm2·人-1,呈逐年上升趋势,成为制约武汉市可持续发展的瓶颈之一.生态用地类型分析显示,耕地、水域、化石能源用地赤字明显,应作为武汉市改善自然资本状况重点关注的对象.文章提出了倡导市民合理消费,同时健全绿色保障制度体系、优化城市生态服务功能等对策和措施,旨在为武汉市实现可持续发展提供依据.     

集约化蔬菜种植区地下水中反硝化细菌的分离鉴定

从研究我国典型集约化蔬菜种植区地下水中硝酸盐的来源和浓度人手,进行富集、培养、分离、纯化,筛选出一株具有反硝化作用的菌株,通过形态学、革兰氏染色结合16SrDNA序列同源性分析鉴定,其鉴定结果为农杆菌(Agrobacterium sp.).该研究为开展地下水硝酸盐污染的生物修复储备宝贵的菌种资源,为地下水中硝酸盐污染的原位微生物修复和相关污水的生物处理提供微牛物基础,对于经济、有效的解决地下水硝酸盐污染和水资源短缺的问题有着十分重要的意义.     

不同施氮量对饲料稻糙米蛋白质含量的影响及其机理

采用田间小区试验探讨了"氮中量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为190,90,100 kg·hm-2)、"氮高量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为210,90,100 kg-hm-2)、"氮低量施肥法"(N,P2O5,K2O施用量为170,90,100kg·hm-2)对饲料稻威优198糙米蛋白质质量分数的影响及其机理.结果表明,与氮高量施肥法和氮低量施肥法相比,氮中量施肥法能明显促进孕穗期、乳熟期水稻旗叶中硝酸还原酶,乳熟期旗叶中蛋白水解酶活性,齐穗期旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶以及齐穗期和乳熟期籽粒中谷氮酰胺合成酶活性,明显促进水稻对氮素营养的吸收与转运,显著提高糙米中蛋白质质量分数和蛋白质质量分数.氮中量施肥法处理糙米蛋白质质量分数分别比氮高量施肥法处理和氮低量施肥法处理提高了 1.39%和17.93%,籽粒产量分别提高了 12.02%和8.47%,糙米蛋白质产量分别提高了12.54%和18.32%.研究表明,氮中量施肥法能满足饲料稻高蛋白高产栽培的需要.     

Magnetotactic bacteria: Characteristics and environmental applications

• Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) synthesize magnetic nanoparticle within magnetosomes. • The morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of MTB were summarized. • Isolation and mass cultivation of MTB deserve extensive research for applications. • MTB can remove heavy metals, radionuclides, and organic pollutants from wastewater. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram-negative prokaryotes that respond to the geomagnetic field. This unique property is attributed to the intracellular magnetosomes, which contains membrane-bound nanocrystals of magnetic iron minerals. This review summarizes the most recent advances in MTB, magnetosomes, and their potential applications especially the environmental pollutant control or remediation. The morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of MTB were first introduced, followed by a critical review of isolation and cultivation methods. Past research has devoted to optimize the factors, such as oxygen, carbon source, nitrogen source, nutrient broth, iron source, and mineral elements for the growth of MTB. Besides the applications of MTB in modern biological and medical fields, little attention was made on the environmental applications of MTB for wastewater treatment, which has been summarized in this review. For example, applications of MTB as adsorbents have resulted in a novel magnetic separation technology for removal of heavy metals or organic pollutants in wastewater. In addition, we summarized the current advance on pathogen removal and detection of endocrine disruptor which can inspire new insights toward sustainable engineering and practices. Finally, the new perspectives and possible directions for future studies are recommended, such as isolation of MTB, genetic modification of MTB for mass production and new environmental applications. The ultimate objective of this review is to promote the applications of MTB and magnetosomes in the environmental fields.     

Enhanced triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) degradation through application of an O3/UV process: Performance optimization and degradation pathways

• UV/O₃ process had higher TAIC mineralization rate than O₃ process. • Four possible degradation pathways were proposed during TAIC degradation. • pH impacted oxidation processes with pH of 9 achieving maximum efficiency. • CO₃^2– negatively impacted TAIC degradation while HCO₃^– not. • Cl^– can be radicals scavenger only at high concentration (over 500 mg/L Cl^–). Triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC, C₁₂H₁₅N₃O₃) has featured in wastewater treatment as a refractory organic compound due to the significant production capability and negative environmental impact. TAIC degradation was enhanced when an ozone(O₃)/ultraviolet(UV) process was applied compared with the application of an independent O₃ process. Although 99% of TAIC could be degraded in 5 min during both processes, the O₃/UV process had a 70%mineralization rate that was much higher than that of the independent O₃ process (9%) in 30 min. Four possible degradation pathways were proposed based on the organic compounds of intermediate products identified during TAIC degradation through the application of independent O₃ and O₃/UV processes. pH impacted both the direct and indirect oxidation processes. Acidic and alkaline conditions preferred direct and indirect reactions respectively, with a pH of 9 achieving maximum Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal. Both CO₃^2– and HCO₃^– decreased TOC removal, however only CO₃^2– negatively impacted TAIC degradation. Effects of Cl^– as a radical scavenger became more marked only at high concentrations (over 500 mg/L Cl^–). Particulate and suspended matter could hinder the transmission of ultraviolet light and reduce the production of HO· accordingly.     

UV-254 nm活化过硫酸盐降解麻黄碱的影响因素和机理

采用UV-254 nm活化过硫酸盐高级氧化技术去除水中污染物麻黄碱(EPH),并研究了其降解动力学过程和降解机理.考察了过硫酸盐(PS)投加量、EPH的初始浓度、不同pH值及不同离子(HCO~-_3、NO~-_3、Cl~-)对降解效果的影响.结果表明,UV-254 nm活化过硫酸盐工艺能有效去除实验条件下的EPH,其氧化降解反应符合二级动力学方程.EPH去除率随着PS投加量的增加而增大.pH对降解反应有较大的影响,在pH=7的条件下,反应速率最快,表观反应动力学常数(k_(obs))为0.467 min~(-1).进一步研究表明,HCO~-_3、NO~-_3和Cl~-对EPH的降解都存在抑制作用,在相同浓度下,其抑制程度依次为Cl~- NO~-_3 HCO~-_3.通过UPLC-MS/MS鉴定了麻黄碱降解的中间体,并提出了可能的降解机理和转化途径.