活性污泥工艺中加代谢解偶联剂降低污泥产率的研究

2,4,5-三氯苯酚（TCP）作为代谢解偶联剂投加到连续曝气分批培养的活性污泥工艺中,在30d的运行期间,TCP质量浓度为2．0mg／L和4．0mg／L的污泥产率分别比对照反应下降了约25％和50％,而基质的去除率及出水的氮和磷浓度均未受很大影响,污泥的沉降性能也未受影响。镜检发现,30d运行后对照实验的反应器中仍有丝状菌,而投加TCP反应器的污泥中几乎未发现丝状菌的存在。应用TCP作为代谢解偶联剂投加到活性污泥工艺中可减少剩余污泥的产量。     

再生水灌溉对土壤团聚体中有机碳、氮和磷的形态及分布的影响

为了解再生水灌溉对砂质紫色土土壤有机碳、氮和磷的形态及其在不同粒级团聚体中分布的影响,比较了四川省彭州市灌溉年限分别为3a和8a的2个再生水灌溉区土壤中不同粒径团聚体中有机碳、氮和磷的分布及化学形态.结果表明,再生水灌溉区土壤有机碳、氮和磷主要分布在>2mm和2mm的大粒径团聚体所占比例下降,向较小粒径转化;>0.25mm团聚体中有机碳和氮含量显著上升,在所有5个粒级的团聚体中磷素含量都有显著提高.再生水灌溉还有利于紫色土重颗粒态有机碳和颗粒态氮的形成,且灌溉时间越长,效果越明显.在除<0.053mm的其它4个粒级团聚体中,再生水灌溉区土壤中交换态磷及钙结合态磷比例上升,而铁铝结合态磷比例下降.综上,再生水灌溉有效的改善了砂质紫色土土壤的有机碳库、氮库和磷库,长期灌溉可以减少人工施肥量.     

膨胀污泥中丝状菌的分离鉴定与特性分析

为了阐明膨胀污泥中的丝状菌种类和特性,利用培养法、显微镜检和分子生物学分析技术从城市污水处理厂的膨胀污泥中分离鉴定丝状菌,并对典型丝状菌进行特性分析.利用高氏一号培养基和淀粉培养基分离出的丝状菌可归入18个属,其中链霉菌属(Streptomyce)、细杆菌属(Microbacterium)属于放线菌门,其余均属于真菌.青霉菌属(Penicillium)、枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、毛孢子菌属(Trichosporon)在培养基上的出现频次较高.毛孢子菌、链霉菌、青霉菌和链格孢菌都能在pH中性或偏酸性条件下良好生长.高浓度的Na Cl能够抑制毛孢子菌和链霉菌,但对青霉菌和链格孢菌的抑制作用不明显.除毛孢子菌外,链霉菌、青霉菌和链格孢菌都可有效地利用蔗糖、淀粉和纤维素,碳源浓度增加会促进它们的生长.r DNA-ITS区高通量测序结果表明膨胀污泥中存在大量未知真菌.     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

Activity maintenance of the excised branches and a case study of NO2 exchange between the atmosphere and P. nigra branches

The efficient maintenance of the activity of excised branches is the powerful guarantee to accurately determine gas exchange flux between the detached branches of tall trees and the atmosphere. In this study, the net photosynthetic rate(NPR) of the excised branches and branches in situ were measured simultaneously by using two photosynthetic instruments to characterize the activity of the excised branches of Phyllostachys nigra. The ratio of normalized NPR of excised branches to NPR in situ was used to assess the photosynthetic activity of detached branches. Based on photosynthetic activity, an optimal hydroponics protocol for maintaining activity of excised P. nigra branches was presented:1/8 times the concentration of Gamborg B5 vitamin mixture with p H = 6. Under the best cultivation protocol, photosynthetic activity of excised P. nigra branches could be maintained more than 90% within 6 hr in the light intensity range of 200–2000 μmol/(m2·sec) and temperature range of 13.4–28.7°C. The nitrogen dioxide(NO2) flux differences between in situ and in vitro branches and the atmosphere were compared using double dynamic chambers.Based on the maintenance method of excised branches, the NO2 exchange flux between the excised P. nigra branches and the atmosphere(from-1.01 to-2.72 nmol/(m2·sec) was basically consistent with between the branches in situ and the atmosphere(from-1.12 to-3.16 nmol/(m2 sec)) within 6 hr. Therefore, this study provided a feasible protocol for in vitro measurement of gas exchange between tall trees and the atmosphere for a period of time.     

硫化氢分解制取氢和硫技术的进展

介绍了 H2 S分解制氢和硫的热力学、动力学最新研究成果 ,综述了 H2 S分解制氢和硫的各种工艺技术的新进展 ,并对这些工艺技术进行了分析和评述。 H2 S分解制氢的同时回收硫是一种很有前途的治理废气减轻污染的方法。     

活性氧化铁/石英砂吸附剂去除水体中的重金属

介绍了活性氧化铁／石英砂吸附剂的特点和制备方法。该吸附能有效去除水体中的重金属，包括阳离子、阴离子、重金属颗粒物及一些络离子，且容易再生，被吸附的金属可以回收。     

脂多糖诱发生物体内合成NO_2~－和胺类化合物的研究

脂多糖诱发生物体内合成ＮＯ_２~－和胺类化合物的研究宋秀贤，赵海涛，金秀兰许后效，林继红，陆德培（中国科学院生态环境研究中心，北京，１０００８５）关键词亚硝酸根；胺类化合物；生物合成；脂多糖．一些研究已经证明Ｎ－亚硝基化合物（ＮＯＣ）对动物存在致癌性￣...     

天津野生鲫鱼体内壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚和壬基酚监测

采用GCB固相萃取作为净化方法 ,利用LC ESI MS技术测定鱼体内不同聚合度壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚 (NPnEO ,n≥ 3) ;用GC MS技术测定NP和NPnEO(n <3) .此方法与传统的氧化铝法相比较 ,GCB固相萃取作为净化方法的回收率较高 ,不同聚合度的NPnEO回收率为 70 4 %— 12 0 % ;方法检测限为 1ng g.用此方法调查了北京排污河中鲫鱼体内的NPnEO的残留情况 ,在所捕获的 12条鲫鱼中均检出了不同浓度的NPnEO和NP .NPnEO在北京排污河天津段鱼体内的残留浓度为 4 0— 6 80ng g ,NP的浓度在 30— 15 10ng g ,和水体中浓度之间的比值分别为 898和 94倍 .     

膜萃取处理水溶液中镉、锌离子的工艺

以P204+正庚烷为萃取剂,将中空纤维膜萃取技术用于处理水溶液中镉离子、锌离子.研究了两相流速、初始浓度及溶液pH等因素对传质系数和萃取率的影响,计算了膜萃取器的传质单元高度(HTU)_w,同时还研究了萃取剂的再生问题.实验结果表明,在低浓度下(＜500 mg/L),平衡分配系数较大,传质阻力主要是在水相;在初始浓度较高时(＜2000mg/L),由于分配系数较小,三项传质阻力均不可忽略;在初始浓度很高时(＞2000mg/L),传质由有机相和膜相阻力控制.实验还表明通过膜器串联可以实现萃取剂的再生.对于稀溶液(＜200mg/L),中空纤维膜萃取可以使水溶液中金属离子浓度减小2个数量级,通过计算,中空纤维膜萃取器(HTU)_w在15～30cm之间,大大低于传统的萃取塔.