磺胺和四环素类抗生素对大肠杆菌联合突变效应的研究

抗生素的滥用造成的环境安全问题已不可忽视,关于抗生素联合毒性效应研究较多,但联合突变效应研究较少。因此,本文以大肠杆菌为受试生物,研究了2种磺胺类抗生素(磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ))和3种四环素类抗生素(二甲胺四环素(MH)、盐酸四环素(TH)和盐酸强力霉素(DH))单一及联合暴露时对大肠杆菌的突变效应。结果表明:在单一暴露下,磺胺类抗生素会促进大肠杆菌的突变效应,四环素类抗生素没有明显的促进作用;联合暴露下,磺胺类抗生素对大肠杆菌突变效应为相加,磺胺和四环素类抗生素对大肠杆菌突变效应为拮抗。本研究初步探索了抗生素对大肠杆菌的联合致突变风险,为今后环境中抗生素混合暴露的生态风险评价和抗生素污染控制标准制定提供一种理论支撑。     

增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯致小鼠肺组织氧化损伤作用

探究邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯(diisodecyl phthalate,DIDP)对小鼠肺组织的氧化损伤。以BALB/c小鼠为受试动物,随机分为7组,包括1个阴性对照组(生理盐水)、4个DIDP染毒组(0.15,1.5,15,150 mg·kg~(-1))、1个维生素E(100 mg·kg~(-1))组和1个高剂量DIDP(150 mg·kg~(-1))加维生素E(100 mg·kg~(-1))组,灌胃染毒14 d。处死小鼠,制备肺组织匀浆样品,以化学荧光法检测活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量,以分光光度试剂盒法检测还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)的含量、以硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法检测丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量、以酶联免疫吸附(EILSA)试剂盒法检测8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG)的含量,同时观察肺组织的病理变化与荧光染色结果。随着DIDP染毒剂量的升高,肺组织的ROS、MDA、8-OHdG含量逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,各指标呈一定的剂量-效应关系。染毒剂量为15 mg·kg~(-1)时,ROS、GSH、8-OHdG含量差异有统计学意义(P 0.05,P 0.01);染毒剂量为150 mg·kg~(-1)时,上述指标差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05,P 0.01)。小鼠肺组织HE染色和荧光染色观察结果表明,随着DIDP染毒剂量的增加,小鼠肺细胞的病理损伤越严重。与150 mg·kg~(-1)DIDP剂量组比较,150 mg·kg~(-1)DIDP+维生素E组的ROS、MDA和8-OHdG含量均有下降,GSH含量上升(P 0.05,P 0.01);小鼠肺组织病理损伤减轻。以上结果说明,较高剂量(≥15 mg·kg~(-1))的DIDP能造成小鼠肺组织的氧化损伤,维生素E对其损伤有拮抗作用。     

Broadening of appropriate demulsifier dosage range for latex-containing wastewater by sulfate addition

Investigation of demulsification of polybutadiene latex (PBL) wastewater by polyaluminum chloride (PAC) indicated that there was an appropriate dosage range for latex removal. The demulsification mechanism of PAC was adsorption-charge neutralization and its appropriate dosage range was controlled by zeta potential. When the zeta potential of the mixture was between -15 and 15 mV after adding PAC, the demulsification effect was good. Decreasing the latex concentration in chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 8.0 g/L to 0.2 g/L made the appropriate PAC dosage range narrower and caused the maximum latex removal efficiency to decrease from 95% to 37%. Therefore, more accurate PAC dosage control is required. Moreover, adding 50 mg/L sulfate broadened the appropriate PAC dosage range, resulting in an increase in maximum latex removal efficiency from 37% to 91% for wastewater of 0.2 g COD/L. The addition of sulfate will favor more flexible PAC dosage control in demulsification of PBL wastewater.

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Pyrolysis behaviors of oil sludge based on TG/FTIR and PY-GC/MS

Pyrolysis is an alternative technology for oil sludge treatment. Thermogravimetric Analysis-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry were employed to investigate the pyrolysis process and products of oil sludge. The pyrolysis process was divided into five stages: drying and gas desorption, oil volatilization, main pyrolysis, semi-coke charring, and mineral decomposition. The main reaction temperatures ranged from 497.6 K to 753.2 K. The products were mainly composed of pairs of alkane and alkene (carbon number ranges from 1 to 27). The mechanisms consisted of random chain scission followed by end chain scission at high temperatures with volatilization occurring during the whole process. This study is useful not only for the proper design of a pyrolysis system, but also for improving the utilization of liquid oil products.     

厌氧折流内循环反应器(ABIC)处理木薯淀粉废水试验

对自主研发的厌氧折流内循环反应器(anaerobic baffled internal circulation,ABIC)处理木薯淀粉废水的运行特性进行研究,结果表明:ABIC在水力停留时间为20~24 h、进水ρ(COD)为3 000~15 000 mg/L、有机负荷为3.0~20.0kg/(m3·d)时COD去除率均高于80.0%,最高可达91.2%。ABIC对进水负荷的冲击具有良好耐受能力,最大可承受的容积负荷VLR为26.0 kg/(m3·d),运行稳定。反应器重新启动耗时较短,对处理木薯淀粉季节性生产废水有利。     

洱海流域城镇化对农村生活污水排放量的影响

为揭示城镇化对流域内农村生活污水排放量的影响程度,以洱海流域为研究对象,采用综合指标评价法,选取城镇人口所占比例、农民年人均纯收入、农村水冲厕普及率及建成区面积4项指标,从人口、经济、社会生活方式、空间4个维度建立洱海流域城镇化综合评价体系,综合评价了流域城镇化水平,并采用相关分析法和多元回归分析法研究洱海流域城镇化4项指标对流域农村生活污水排放量的影响. 结果表明:2006—2012年,洱海流域的城镇化水平不断提高,大理市城镇化综合水平领先于洱源县. 大理市农村生活污水的排放量与城镇人口所占比例相关关系不明显,相关系数为0.246;与农民年人均纯收入、农村水冲厕普及率和建成区面积呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.951、0.980、0.969;洱源县农村生活污水的排放量与这4项指标的相关性较大理市明显,相关系数分别为0.754、0.973、0.998、0.975. 4项指标对大理市农村生活污水排放量的影响权重为农村水冲厕普及率>农民年人均纯收入>建成区面积>城镇人口所占比例,对洱源县农村生活污水排放量的影响权重为农村水冲厕普及率>城镇人口所占比例>建成区面积>农民年人均纯收入. 研究显示,在现有城镇化水平下,对洱海流域农村生活污水排放量最主要的影响因素为农村水冲厕的普及率,社会生活方式城镇化对洱海流域农村生活污水排量的影响最突出.      

基于现场实测的炒菜类餐饮废气排放及静电净化效率评测

为了解静电净化技术对炒菜类餐饮废气的净化效果及随运行时间的变化,该研究选取一家典型餐饮企业对炒菜灶头进行废气净化改造,不定期现场跟踪检测净化设备使用前后颗粒物、非甲烷总烃(NMHC)和VOCs组分的浓度变化.结果表明,定期清洗维护状态下,静电净化设备对颗粒物净化效率变化范围为55.7％～97.3％,平均净化效率为85....     

耐低温混菌降解苯系物的特性及菌种鉴定研究

以吉化双苯厂被硝基苯、苯系物（BTEX）污染的土壤为菌源,经过筛选驯化得到一组在低温条件（10℃）下可降解苯系物（BTEX）的混菌。室内研究表明,在10℃,pH=6.8,苯系物（BTEX）总质量浓度200mg·L^-1的条件下,84h后该菌对苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯的降解率依次为93.2%、95.6%、91%、88.4%、对6种质量浓度的苯系物（BTEX）污染物中最难降解的苯进行降解动力学曲线模拟,当苯质量浓度小于17.48mg·L-1时,降解符合一级降解动力学,当苯的质量浓度为17.48～195.30mg·L^-1时,降解符合零级降解动力学、该混菌降解效果稳定、适应环境能力强,经80次传代后仍能保持良好的降解效果,且在6个不同地区含有不同背景组成的地下水中降解效果稳定、应用Biolog细菌自动鉴定系统和16SrDNA序列分析方法对降解率较高的3株菌B2、B4、B6作菌种鉴定,B2为嗜麦芽糖寡养单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）,B4为斑生假单胞菌（Pseudomonas maculicola）,B6为多刺假单胞菌（Pseudomonas spinosa）。     

Potential of weed species applied to remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals

To screen out a series of ideal plants that can effectively remedy contaminated soils by heavy metals is the main groundwork of phytoremediation engineering and the first step of its commercial application on a large scale. In this study, accumulation and endurance of 45 weed species in ]6 families from an agricultural site were in situ examined by using the pot-culture field experiment, and the remediation potential of some weed species with high accumulation of heavy metals was assayed. The results showed that Solanum nigrum and Conyza canadensis can not only accumulate high concentration of Cd, but also strongly endure to single Cd and Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn combined pollution. Thus 2 weed species can be regarded as good hyperaccumulators for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils. Although there were high Cd-accumulation in Artemigia selengensis, Znula britannica and Cephalanoplos setosum, their biomass was adversely affected due to action of heavy metals in the soils. If the problem of low endurance to heavy metals can be solved by a reinforcer, 3 weed species can be perhaps applied commercially.     

Comparison between controlled landfill reactor and conditioned landfill bioreactor

Bioreactor landfills allow a more active landfill management that recognizes the biological, chemical and physical processes involved in a landfill environment. The laboratory-scale simulators of landfill reactors treating municipal solid wastes were studied, the effect of solid waste size, leachate recirculation, nutrient balance, pH value, moisture content and temperature on the rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) biodegradation were determined, and it indicated the optimum pH value, moisture content and temperature decomposing MSW. The results of waste biodegradation were compared with that of the leachate-recirculated landfill simulator and conservative sanitary landfill simulator. In the control experiment the antitheses of a decreasing trend of the organic load, measured as biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, was shown. An obvious enhancement of effective disposal from conservative sanitary landfill (CSL) simulator, to the leachate-recirculated landfill (LRL) simulator and to the conditioned bioreactor landfill(CBL) simulator would be noted, through displaying the compared results of solid waste settlement, heavy, metal concentration in leachate, methane production rate, biogas composition, BOD and COD as well as their ratio.