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21.
Pollution historical trends as recorded by sediments at selected sites of the Venice Lagoon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and hexaclorobenzene (HCB) were determined in three sediment cores of the Venice Lagoon: I1, from the San Giuliano Canal that is likely the main source of pollutants for the study area; E, representing the lagoon sediment of the zone of Campalto; and M3, typical of a salt marsh environment and mostly subject to atmospheric inputs. Maximum concentrations were found in core I1: 25-1858 ngI-TE kg(-1) (PCDD/Fs), 1.7-13 microg kg(-1) (HCB), and 107-717 microg kg(-1) (PCBs) are surficial and peak values, respectively. The lagoon sediment (E), is much less contaminated: 24-47 ngI-TE kg(-1) for PCDD/Fs, 2.3-3.6 microg kg(-1) for HCB, and 56-203 microg kg(-1) for PCBs, whereas M3 shows the lowest values: 1.6-6.0 ngI-TE kg(-1) for PCDD/Fs, 0.3-0.6 microg kg(-1) for HCB, and 7.1-39 microg kg(-1) for PCBs. In any case, the recent trend is toward a decrease of pollutant concentration. The chronology of cores E and M3 is based on both 210Pb and 137Cs activity-depth profiles. The maximum concentrations of PCDD/Fs, HCB, and PCBs correspond to the years 1949, 1980, and 1968, respectively. The homologue profiles of PCDD/Fs confirm that I1 has been subject to an industrial source while the other sites also recorded significant contributions, changing over time, of octachlorinated dioxin from combustion. A comparison of the pollutant inventories, all normalised to 210Pb inventories, suggests that the atmospheric contribution to the contamination of the area of Campalto is low: the upper limits range from 6% (PCDD/Fs) to 17% (HCB). 相似文献
22.
Geochemical variations in aeolian mineral particles from the Sahara-Sahel Dust Corridor 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Moreno T Querol X Castillo S Alastuey A Cuevas E Herrmann L Mounkaila M Elvira J Gibbons W 《Chemosphere》2006,65(2):261-270
The Sahara-Sahel Dust Corridor runs from Chad to Mauritania and expels huge amounts of mineral aerosols into the Atlantic Ocean. Data on samples collected from Algeria, Chad, Niger, and Western Sahara illustrate how corridor dust mineralogy and chemistry relate to geological source and weathering/transport history. Dusts sourced directly from igneous and metamorphic massifs are geochemically immature, retaining soluble cations (e.g., K, Na, Rb, Sr) and accessory minerals containing HFSE (e.g., Zr, Hf, U, Th) and REE. In contrast, silicate dust chemistry in desert basins (e.g., Bodélé Depression) is influenced by a longer history of transport, physical winnowing (e.g., loss of Zr, Hf, Th), chemical leaching (e.g., loss of Na, K, Rb), and mixing with intrabasinal materials such as diatoms and evaporitic salts. Mineral aerosols blown along the corridor by the winter Harmattan winds mix these basinal and basement materials. Dusts blown into the corridor from sub-Saharan Africa during the summer monsoon source from deeply chemically weathered terrains and are therefore likely to be more kaolinitic and stripped of mobile elements (e.g., Na, K, Mg, Ca, LILE), but retain immobile and resistant elements (e.g., Zr, Hf, REE). Finally, dusts blown southwestwards into the corridor from along the Atlantic Coastal Basin will be enriched in carbonate from Mesozoic-Cenozoic marine limestones, depleted in Th, Nb, and Ta, and locally contaminated by uranium-bearing phosphate deposits. 相似文献
23.
Morin-Crini Nadia Loiacono Sonia Placet Vincent Torri Giangiacomo Bradu Corina Kostić Mirjana Cosentino Cesare Chanet Gilles Martel Bernard Lichtfouse Eric Crini Grégorio 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2019,17(1):393-408
Environmental Chemistry Letters - With the increasing focus on renewable materials and sustainability issues, the development of non-conventional materials from natural resources and possessing... 相似文献
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Glenn T. Crossin Scott G. Hinch Steven J. Cooke David W. Welch Sonia D. Batten David A. Patterson Glen Van Der Kraak J. Mark Shrimpton Anthony P. Farrell 《Marine Biology》2007,152(4):905-918
Adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, N = 179) from six Fraser River populations (British Columbia) were intercepted in continental shelf waters ∼215 km from the
Fraser River mouth, gastrically implanted with acoustic transmitters, non-lethally biopsied for blood biochemistry, gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and somatic energy density and then released. Migration behaviour and travel times to the river mouth and
into the river were monitored by underwater telemetry receivers positioned at the river mouth and in the river. Post-release
survival of salmon was excellent, with 84% (N = 150) of fish reaching the furthest receiving station ∼85 km upriver. Fish from Late-summer run populations (Adams and Weaver
Creek) averaged a migration rate of ∼20 km day−1 through the marine area and held at the river mouth and adjacent areas for 7–9 days before entering the river. Summer-run
populations (Birkenhead, Chilko, Horsefly and Stellako) had a migration rate ∼33 km day−1 and held for only 1–3 days. Once in river, similar patterns were observed: Late-run populations migrated at ∼28 km day−1 and Summer-run populations at ∼40 km day−1. From point of release to the river mouth, males migrated faster than females, but once in river migration rates did not
differ between sexes. Among all females, a correlation was discovered between levels of circulating testosterone and river
entry timing. This correlation was not observed among males. Plasma K+, Cl−, glucose, lactate and osmolality were also correlated with entry timing in both sexes. 相似文献
27.
Lowenthal DH Kumar N Hand J Day D Kreidenweis S Collett J Lee T Ashbaugh L 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2003,53(10):1273-1279
The hygroscopic properties of the organic fraction of aerosols are poorly understood. The ability of organic aerosols to absorb water as a function of relative humidity (RH) was examined using data collected during the 1999 Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational Study (BRAVO). (On average, organics accounted for 22% of fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microm (PM2.5) mass). Hourly RH exceeded 80% only 3.5% of the time and averaged 44%. BRAVO aerosol chemical composition and dry particle size distributions were used to estimate PM2.5 light scattering (Bsp) at low and high ambient RH. Liquid water growth associated with inorganic species was sufficient to account for measured Bsp for RH between 70 and 95%. 相似文献
28.
The aerobic visible-light-photosensitised irradiation of methanolic solutions of either of the phenolic-type contaminants model compounds (ArOH) p-phenylphenol (PP), p-nitrophenol (NP) and phenol (Ph), and for two additional phenolic derivatives, namely p-chlorophenol (ClP) and p-methoxyphenol (MeOP), used in some experiments, was carried out. Employing the natural pigment riboflavin (Rf) as a sensitiser, the degradation of both the ArOH and the very sensitiser was observed. A complex mechanism, common for all the ArOH studied, operates. It involves superoxide radical anion (O2√−) and singlet molecular oxygen (O2(1Δg)) reactions. Maintaining Rf in sensitising concentrations levels (≈0.02 mM), the mechanism is highly dependent on the concentration of the ArOH. Kinetic experiments of oxygen and substrate consumption, static fluorescence, laser flash photolysis and time-resolved phosophorescence detection of O2(1Δg) demonstrate that at ArOH concentrations in the order of 10 mM, no chemical transformation occurs due to the complete quenching of Rf singlet excited state. When ArOH is present in concentrations in the order of mM or lower, O2√− is generated from the corresponding Rf radical anion, which is produced by electron transfer reaction from the ArOH to triplet excited Rf. The determined reaction rate constants for this step show a fairly good correlation with the electron-donor capabilities for Ph, PP, NP, ClP and MeOP. In this context, the main oxidative species is O2√−, since O2(1Δg) is quenched in an exclusive physical fashion by the ArOH. The production of O2√− regenerates Rf impeding the total degradation of the sensitiser. This kinetic scheme could partially model the fate of ArOH in aquatic media containing natural photosensitisers, under environmental conditions. 相似文献
29.
Significance of platinum group metals emitted from automobile exhaust gas converters for the biosphere 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Intention, Goal, Scope, Background Following the introduction of automobile catalytic converters the platinum group metals (PGM) platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd)
and rhodium (Rh) gain on increasing interest in environmental research as these metals are emitted with exhaust fumes into
the environment. Consequently, elevated PGM levels were found in different environmental matrices uch as road dusts, soils
along heavily frequented roads, sediments of urban rivers etc. Accordingly, the effects of increasing PGM emissions on the
biosphere are controversially discussed.
Objective This paper summarizes the present knowledge on the biological availability of PGM to plants and animals. As biological availability
is one of the most decisive factors determining the toxicologi-cal potential of xenobiotics, this information is very important
to evaluate the possible threat of the noble metals to ecosystems.
Results and Discussion The availability of soluble as well as particle bound PGM to terrestrial plants was demonstrated in several studies. Experimental
investigations revealed uptake of Pt, Pd and Rh also by aquatic plants. Additionally, the biological availability of the noble
metals for animals has been verified in experimental studies using soluble metal salts, catalytic converter model substances,
sediments of urban rivers, road dust or tunnel dust as metal sources. These studies refer mainly to aquatic animals. Beside
of free living organisms, in particular worms parasitizing fish demonstrated a high potential to accumulate PGM. This could
be of great interest in respect of biomonitoring purposes. Generally, for plants as well as for animals Pd turns out to be
the best available metal among the PGM. Compared to other heavy metals, the biological availability of PGM from road dust
to zebra mussels(Dreissena polymorpha) ranged between that of Cd and Pb.
Conclusion Especially chronic effects of PGM on the biosphere can not be excluded due to (1) their cumulative increase in the environment,
(2) their unexpected high biological availability and bioaccumulation and (3) their unknown toxicological and ecotoxicological
potential. However, it appears that acute effects on ecosystems due to anthropogenic PGM emission are not likely.
Recommendation and Outlook Research on environmental PGM contamination of the biosphere, especially the fauna, and on long-term toxiciry of low PGM concentrations
is highly appreciated. These studies require very sensitive analytical techniques to determine PGM even in low sample amounts.
Research has to be done in particular on reliable determination of (ultra) trace levels of Pd and Rh as the lack of data on
these two metals is mainly due to analytical problems. 相似文献
30.
Bortagaray Viviana Girardi Viviane Pou Sonia Lizasoain Andrés Tort Luis Fernando López Spilki Fernando R. Colina Rodney Victoria Matias 《Food and environmental virology》2020,12(2):89-98
Food and Environmental Virology - The aim of this study was to detect, quantify, and assess the risk of infection and illness for Group A Rotavirus (RVA) in the watersheds of the Santa Lucia and... 相似文献