坡地赤红壤物理退化及其机理研究──Ⅱ.土壤水分性能退化特征

探讨了坡地赤红壤水分性能退化的特征、结果表明,与地带性自然植被下坡地赤红壤比较,次生植被或人工植被下坡地赤红壤水分性能变劣：表现在导水性降低,2h饱和渗水量明显减少,自然赤红壤比耕型赤红壤的减幅大;持水能力下降,在同样吸力下,土壤持水量较少;供水能力下降,在同样吸力段,表土释放的水量较少;亚表土在低吸力段释放水量较少。     

博罗县下村农场坡地赤红壤的结构特征及其意义

探讨了博罗县下村农场坡地赤红壤的结构特征及其生产意义。结果表明,下村农场坡地赤红壤的质地较粗,土壤的团聚体含量较高,土壤的孔隙性较差;土壤粘粒、有机质,尤其是后者对土壤结构状况影响很大,土壤结构系数与土壤粘粒含量呈显著正相关,土壤1—0.05mm粗微团聚体含量、10—0.25mm水稳性团聚体及其几何平均直径值,均与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关。坡地土壤的开发利用,应注意防治水土流失,减少团聚体的破坏,并特别注重提高土壤有机质含量,以改善土壤结构状况。     

Concentrations and classification of HCHs and DDTs in soil from the lower reaches of the Jiulong River, China

Soil is an important source to other environmental media and organisms for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) bioaccumulation. Twenty-four representative surface soil samples were collected from the lower reaches of the Jiulong River, China, in 2009. The concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) ranged from 0.38 to 39.52 ng·g^?1, with a mean value of 9.51 ng·g^?1. The concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and their metabolites were within the ranges of 0.94–700.99 ng·g^?1, with a mean value of 71.17 ng·g^?1. The concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in the soil were lower than the first grade level (50 ng·g^?1) of the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard (GB15618-1995). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Pearson’s bivariate Correlations Analysis (PCA) were used to analyse the distribution and contamination levels of OCPs in this region. The results showed that DDTs were the major contaminants and there were no significant correlations between various OCPs concentrations and the total organic carbon (TOC) contents. A significant positive correlation was observed between HCHs and DDTs (p<0.01), which indicates that HCHs and DDTs may have similar sources and fate in the study area.     

An efficient synthesis of bisenols in water extract of waste onion peel ash

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Bisenols and its derivatives are attractive heterocyclic compounds exhibiting a wide range of biological properties, including anticancer, antipyretic and...     

Characteristics of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons during haze episode in Beijing, China

This study firstly focused on non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) during three successive days with haze episode (16–18 August 2006) in Beijing. Concentrations of alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and ethyne all peaked at traffic rush hour, implying vehicular emission; and alkanes also peaked at non-traffic rush hour in the daytime, implying additional source. Especially, alkanes and aromatics clearly showed higher levels in the nighttime than that in the daytime, implying their active photochemical reactions in the daytime. Correlation coefficients (R ²) showed that propane, n-butane, i-butane, ethene, propene, and benzene correlated with ethyne (R ²?=?0.61–0.66), suggesting that their main source is vehicular emission; 2-methylpentane and n-hexane correlated with i-pentane (R ²?=?0.61–0.64), suggesting that gasoline evaporation is their main source; and ethylbezene, m-/p-xylene, and o-xylene correlated with toluene (R ²?=?0.60–0.79), suggesting that their main source is similar to that of toluene (e.g., solvent usage). The R ² of ethyne, i-pentane, and toluene with total NMHCs were 0.58, 0.76, and 0.60, respectively, indicating that ambient hydrocarbons are associated with vehicular emission, gasoline evaporation, and solvent usage. The sources of other hydrocarbons (e.g., ethane) might be natural gas leakage, biogenic emission, or long-range transport of air pollutants. Measured higher mean B/T ratio (0.78?±?0.27) was caused by the more intensive photochemical activity of toluene than benzene, still indicating the dominant emission from vehicles.     

A radiotracer technique for the determination of male mating success in natural populations

Summary Males of a natural population of Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia) were injected at the beginning of their short, synchronous breeding period with one of twelve gamma-emitting nuclides which are individually recognizable by their unique spectial properties. This label passed to the females during ejaculation and was identified when the females were captured and counted in a whole-body counter. This technique established mating success of males and provided an estimate of reproductive success.     

A comparison of radiometric correction techniques in the evaluation of the relationship between LST and NDVI in Landsat imagery

Atmospheric corrections for multi-temporal optical satellite images are necessary, especially in change detection analyses, such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) rationing. Abrupt change detection analysis using remote-sensing techniques requires radiometric congruity and atmospheric correction to monitor terrestrial surfaces over time. Two atmospheric correction methods were used for this study: relative radiometric normalization and the simplified method for atmospheric correction (SMAC) in the solar spectrum. A multi-temporal data set consisting of two sets of Landsat images from the period between 1991 and 2002 of Penang Island, Malaysia, was used to compare NDVI maps, which were generated using the proposed atmospheric correction methods. Land surface temperature (LST) was retrieved using ATCOR3_T in PCI Geomatica 10.1 image processing software. Linear regression analysis was utilized to analyze the relationship between NDVI and LST. This study reveals that both of the proposed atmospheric correction methods yielded high accuracy through examination of the linear correlation coefficients. To check for the accuracy of the equation obtained through linear regression analysis for every single satellite image, 20 points were randomly chosen. The results showed that the SMAC method yielded a constant value (in terms of error) to predict the NDVI value from linear regression analysis-derived equation. The errors (average) from both proposed atmospheric correction methods were less than 10%.     

Distribution of aromatic amines,phenols, chlorobenzenes,and naphthalenes in the surface sediment of the Dianchi Lake,China

• The total organic pollutant concentrations in sediment were 27.4-1620 ng/g. • The phenol concentrations were relatively high in the sediment of the Dianchi Lake. • Average total concentrations decreased as follows: Caohai>Waihai>Haigeng Dam. • 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 3- or 4-methylphenol, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene might be risks. Organic pollutants are widespread environmental pollutants with high toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Our aim was to investigate the distribution of aromatic amines, phenols, chlorobenzenes, and naphthalenes in the surface sediment of the Dianchi Lake, China. Nineteen surface sediment samples were collected from the Dianchi Lake, and 40 types of organic pollutants were analyzed via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The total organic pollutant concentrations in the surface sediment of the Dianchi Lake varied from 27.4 to 1.62 × 10³ ng/g. The concentrations of phenols were much higher than those in other water bodies but still within a controllable range, whereas the concentrations of the other organic pollutant classes were similar or even lower. The detection ratio of 3- or 4-methylphenol was the highest (100.00%) among the pollutants. The average total organic pollutant concentrations decreased in the following order: Caohai (540 ng/g)>the middle of Waihai (488 ng/g)>the edge of Waihai (351 ng/g)>Haigeng Dam (90.4 ng/g). Pearson analysis showed a strong correlation among 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 1,3-dinitronaphthalene, and 1,4-dinitronaphthalene (p<0.01). Caohai, the north lakeshore of Waihai and the south of Waihai showed higher risk because of high concentration; meanwhile, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 3- or 4-methylphenol and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were more likely to cause risks.     

旋流板塔钠强化石灰石湿式烟气脱硫研究

向石灰石脱硫浆液中添加硫酸钠可提高脱硫率。以旋流板塔为吸收器,测定了钠强化石灰石湿式烟气脱硫过程的脱硫率、pH值等随脱硫反应时间的变化情况,对不同pH值范围内的石灰石溶解速率等进行了分析。在与工业操作温度相近的条件下,测定了不同塔板数时的脱硫率和塔压降,计算了平均单板效率。结果表明,增加塔板数,脱硫率提高,而平均单板效率减小,实验条件下,塔板数由1增加到4,液气比为4L／m^3时脱硫率由25．5％提高到48．6％,而平均单板效率则由25．5％下降到15．3％。得出了平均单板效率与塔板数之间的关系式。     

天津市污水资源化政策的战略环境评价

战略环境评价在我国刚刚起步，其评价过程、步骤、方法都在探讨之中，特别是缺乏战略环境评价的实例研究。文章提出了政策层次战略环境评价的管理程序和技术程序。按照所提出的技术程序，对天津市即将出台的污水资源化政策(草案)进行战略环境评价。获得了2项经验：(1)组织好公众参与，并将公众参与的意见纳入到政策草案之中：(2)在政策层次上开展SEA，从管理程序和技术程序上进行新的模式与实践。