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161.
Waha Katharina Krummenauer Linda Adams Sophie Aich Valentin Baarsch Florent Coumou Dim Fader Marianela Hoff Holger Jobbins Guy Marcus Rachel Mengel Matthias Otto Ilona M. Perrette Mahé Rocha Marcia Robinson Alexander Schleussner Carl-Friedrich 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(6):1623-1638
Regional Environmental Change - The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region emerges as one of the hot spots for worsening extreme heat, drought and aridity conditions under climate change. A... 相似文献
162.
Multi-criteria assessment of socio-environmental aspects in shrinking cities. Experiences from eastern Germany 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Demographic change and economic decline produce modified urban land use pattern and densities. Compared to the beginning of the 90s after the German reunification, nowadays massive housing and commercial vacancies followed by demolition and perforation come to pass in many cities of the former GDR. In consequence, a considerable surplus of urban brownfields has been created. Furthermore, the decline in the urban fabric affects social infrastructure and urban greenery of local neighbourhoods. Here, urban planning enters into ‘uncharted territory’ since it needs to assess the socio-environmental impact of shrinkage.In order to carry out such an evaluation quantitatively, a multi-criteria assessment scheme (MCA) was developed and applied. Firstly, we identified infrastructure and land use changes related to vacancy and demolition. Secondly, demolition scenarios for the coming 20 years were applied in order to give an idea for a long-term monitoring approach at the local district level. A multi-criteria indicator matrix quantifies the socio-environmental impact on both urban greenery and residents. Using it, we set demolition scenarios against urban ‘quality of life’ targets. Empirical evidence comes from Leipzig, in eastern Germany, a representative case study for urban shrinkage processes.The results show that shrinkage implies socio-environmental changes of residential livelihoods, however, does not simply increase or decrease the overall urban quality of life. The integrated assessment of all indicators identifies environmental and social opportunities, as well as the challenges a shrinking city is faced with. 相似文献
163.
Soils down slope of roads have been affected over decades by road salting in the UK uplands. Salt additions to fresh soil facilitate dispersal of organic matter so there is a potential risk of release of DON and DOC to nearby rivers where these run parallel to roads. Over time, however, salting enhances soil pH of naturally acid soils, and thus organic matter degradation through to CO2, thereby, lowering soil organic matter content. In addition any relatively labile organic matter may have already been dispersed. Thus, it is hypothesised that enhanced DOC mobilisation should only be a potential problem if soils not previously exposed to salt become heavily exposed in the future. This paper combines data from field observations and laboratory simulations to elucidate mechanisms controlling organic matter mobilisation processes to determine what controls spatial and temporal trends in DOC concentrations in soil solutions down slope of roads. Organic matter solubilisation is dependent on the degree of road salt exposure soils have had. The laboratory experiment provided evidence that there are two competing effects upon which solubilisation is dependent (a) pH suppression and (b) sodium dispersion. Other organic matter solubility models, if correct, link quite well with the authors "when it's gone, it's gone" hypothesis. 相似文献
164.
Sophie Beltran Frank Cézilly Jérôme Boissier 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(9):1363-1368
“Divorce” (mate switching) rate is known to vary largely both between and within socially monogamous species. Although the
adult sex ratio can have an important influence on mating patterns, very few studies have investigated the influence of sex
ratio on divorce rate in monogamous species, and even less so from an experimental point of view. In addition, most studies
on the causes and consequences of divorce have been performed on vertebrate species, whereas data for invertebrate monogamous
species remain scarce. Schistosoma mansoni is a monogamous endoparasite with a complex life cycle characterized by asexual reproduction in the intermediate host and
sexual reproduction in the definitive host. In the wild, populations of S. mansoni inside their definitive hosts are characterized by a male-biased sex ratio. We studied the influence of experimentally varying
the adult sex ratio on divorce rate in S mansoni, using controlled infections of hosts with clonal populations. The more male-biased the sex ratio was, the more the divorce
rate increased, whereas no such effect was observed under a female-biased sex ratio. In this study and for the first time,
we showed, by handling the sex ratio, that the divorce rate increases in adult male-biased sex ratio conditions in a monogamous
species. 相似文献
165.
Shape and efficiency of wood ant foraging networks 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Jerome Buhl Kerri Hicks Esther R. Miller Sophie Persey Ola Alinvi David J. T. Sumpter 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(3):451-460
We measured the shape of the foraging trail networks of 11 colonies of the wood ant Formica aquilonia (Formica rufa group). We characterized these networks in terms of their degree of branching and the angles between branches, as well as
in terms of their efficiency. The measured networks were compared with idealized model networks built to optimize one of two
components of efficiency, total length (i.e., total amount of trail) and route factor (i.e., average distance between nest
and foraging site). The analysis shows that the networks built by the ants obtain a compromise between the two modes of efficiency.
These results are largely independent of the size of the network or colony size. The ants’ efficiency is comparable to that
of networks built by humans but achieved without the benefit of centralized control. 相似文献
166.
Leat EH Bourgeon S Borgå K Strøm H Hanssen SA Gabrielsen GW Petersen A Olafsdottir K Magnusdottir E Fisk AT Ellis S Bustnes JO Furness RW 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(5):1222-1228
Concentrations of POPs in Great skua eggs from Shetland are among the highest in North Atlantic seabirds, with up to 11,600 μg/kg (ww) DDE and up to 17,900 μg/kg ww ∑PCB. Concentrations of legacy POPs were significantly lower in 2008 than 1980. Decreases were greatest for least persistent compounds. Median ∑PBDEs increased from 99 μg/kg ww in 1980 to 173 μg/kg ww in 2008. There were changes in Great skua breeding season diet, with more adult Herring and Mackerel and less Sandeel. These changes increase exposure to POPs, since Herring and Mackerel accumulate more POPs than Sandeels. In both years, eggs with higher δ15N had higher POP concentrations. In 1980, birds feeding more on demersal discard fish from trawl fisheries and less on Sandeels, had higher POP levels in eggs. In 2008, individuals feeding more on Herring and Mackerel, and less on discards, had higher POP levels in eggs. 相似文献
167.
Four sediment cores collected in the Seine River basin and dated between 1916 and 2003 were analyzed for lead concentrations and isotopic composition. In all four cores, the measured Pb concentration (up to 460 mg kg−1) lies significantly above the natural background (27-40 mg kg−1), although a significant decrease (down to 75 mg kg−1) was observed during the second half of the 20th century which can be explained by the reduction of lead emissions. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio measured in these samples indicates that the main source of Pb used in the Paris conurbation is characterized by a “Rio Tinto” signature (defined as 206Pb/207Pb = 1.1634 ± 0.0001). A high contribution, up to 25%, from the leaded gasoline (characterized by 206Pb/207Pb = 1.08 ± 0.02) is revealed in the Seine River downstream Paris, indicating that lead from the leaded gasoline is preferentially released to the river.The dominating Pb signature in the Paris conurbation that is currently sampled through incinerators fumes (206Pb/207Pb = 1.1550 ± 0.0005) and waste water treatment plant (206Pb/207Pb = 1.154 ± 0.002), represents a mixture of highly recycled lead from the Rio Tinto mine and lead from leaded gasoline (imprinted by the low 206Pb/207Pb of the Broken Hill mine). This signature is called “urban” rather than “industrial”, because it is clearly distinct from the Pb that is found in areas contaminated by heavy industry, i.e. the heavy industries located on the Oise River which used lead from European ores characterized by high 206Pb/207Pb ratios (∼1.18-1.19) and possibly a minor amount of North American lead (206Pb/207Pb ratios > 1.20). The “urban” signature is also found in a rural area upstream of Paris in the 1970’s. At the Seine River mouth in 2003, Pb with an urban signature represents 70% of the total Pb sediment content, with the 30% remaining corresponding to natural Pb. 相似文献
168.
Yasmine Souissi Said Kinani Stéphane Bouchonnet Sophie Bourcier Christian Malosse Michel Sablier Nicolas Creusot Enrico Mombelli Selim Aït-Aïssa 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(13):7818-7827
In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of UV-visible irradiation on the estrogenicity of an estrone aqueous solution by using chemical analysis associated with an in vitro bioassay and in silico analysis. An estrone aqueous solution was irradiated with an UV-visible high-pressure mercury lamp. By using the MELN in vitro cellular bioassay, based on the induction of a luciferase reporter gene upon the activation of the estrogen receptor by chemicals, we showed that the estrogenic potency of the solution increased after irradiation. High-performance liquid chromatography fractionation of the photolyzed solution followed by in vitro testing of fractions allowed the quantitation of the estrogenic potency of each fraction. Nine photoproducts were detected and characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupling. The observed estrogenic activity is mediated by mono- and multi-hydroxylated photoproducts; it is influenced by the position of hydroxyl groups on the steroidal skeleton. In addition, a structure-activity analysis of the hydroxylated photoproducts confirmed their ability to act as estrogen receptor ligands. 相似文献
169.
As industry today analyzes its emissions with more sophisticated sampling and testing techniques, it is finding more often that the problems of gaseous and particulate contaminants occur simultaneously. Current legislation is rapidly becoming more stringent and where a particular industry formerly thought it primarily had a single contaminant problem, it now finds itself faced with the necessity to comply with multiple contaminant emission level requirements. Extensive field experience in a wide diversity of industries has shown that the simultaneous removal of both the gaseous and particulate contaminants can be effectively met by crossflow scrubbers utilizing filamentous-type packings. High efficiency collection can be achieved at low operating cost in a single piece of control equipment with reliable operating results. 相似文献
170.
Stress responses of Calluna vulgaris to reduced and oxidised N applied under 'real world conditions'
Sheppard LJ Leith ID Crossley A Van Dijk N Fowler D Sutton MA Woods C 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,154(3):404-413
Effects and implications of reduced and oxidised N, applied under 'real world' conditions, since May 2002, are reported for Calluna growing on an ombrotrophic bog. Ammonia has been released from a 10 m line source generating monthly concentrations of 180-6 microg m(-3), while ammonium chloride and sodium nitrate are applied in rainwater at nitrate and ammonium concentrations below 4mM and providing up to 56 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) above a background deposition of 10 kg N ha(-1) year(-1). Ammonia concentrations, >8 microg m(-3) have significantly enhanced foliar N concentrations, increased sensitivity to drought, frost and winter desiccation, spring frost damage and increased the incidence of pathogen outbreaks. The mature Calluna bushes nearest the NH3 source have turned bleached and moribund. By comparison the Calluna receiving reduced and oxidised N in rain has shown no significant visible or stress related effects with no significant increase in N status. 相似文献