全文获取类型
收费全文 | 624篇 |
免费 | 8篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 22篇 |
废物处理 | 18篇 |
环保管理 | 85篇 |
综合类 | 92篇 |
基础理论 | 135篇 |
环境理论 | 2篇 |
污染及防治 | 190篇 |
评价与监测 | 39篇 |
社会与环境 | 45篇 |
灾害及防治 | 6篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 2篇 |
2022年 | 8篇 |
2021年 | 13篇 |
2020年 | 4篇 |
2019年 | 8篇 |
2018年 | 21篇 |
2017年 | 17篇 |
2016年 | 18篇 |
2015年 | 27篇 |
2014年 | 28篇 |
2013年 | 47篇 |
2012年 | 26篇 |
2011年 | 36篇 |
2010年 | 43篇 |
2009年 | 38篇 |
2008年 | 30篇 |
2007年 | 36篇 |
2006年 | 31篇 |
2005年 | 20篇 |
2004年 | 28篇 |
2003年 | 21篇 |
2002年 | 26篇 |
2001年 | 10篇 |
2000年 | 16篇 |
1999年 | 16篇 |
1998年 | 6篇 |
1997年 | 7篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 3篇 |
1991年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
1964年 | 1篇 |
1963年 | 1篇 |
1962年 | 1篇 |
1961年 | 1篇 |
1958年 | 1篇 |
1955年 | 1篇 |
1949年 | 1篇 |
1948年 | 1篇 |
1937年 | 1篇 |
1920年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有634条查询结果,搜索用时 609 毫秒
521.
Biodegradability testing of synthetic ester lubricants--effects of additives and usage 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The optimised biodegradability test system "O2/CO2 Headspace Test with GC-TCD" is used for the assessment of synthetic ester lubricants. The effects of both additives and usage on biodegradability are examined and discussed. Ester based cutting fluids and hydraulic fluids with and without additives are used under defined conditions at machine tools and hydraulic and plain bearing test benches. The lubricants are characterised additionally with respect to kinematic viscosity, acidity and elemental composition. Furthermore, a formulated mineral oil is characterised before and after usage at an hydraulic test bench. The results clearly show that the mineral oil is far less biodegradable than the ester oils and that their biodegradability is not affected by usage. Biodegradability of the ester oils is mainly depending on the characteristics of the base fluids and not affected by the additives. Antioxidants are influencing stability respectively biodegradability indirectly, since they prevent oxopolymerisation effects. Other effects of usage on biodegradation are not detected. In this context, the antioxidants ensure ready biodegradability and have a positive effect on the environmental fate of synthetic ester lubricants. 相似文献
522.
523.
Loibl W Bolhàr-Nordenkampf HR Herman F Smidt S 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2004,11(3):171-180
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Ozone is the most important air pollutant in Europe for forest ecosystems and the increase in the last decades is significant. The ozone impact on forests can be calculated and mapped based on the provisional European Critical Level (AOT40 = accumulated exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb, 10,000 ppb x h for 6 months of one growing season calculated for 24 h day(-1)). For Norway spruce, the Austrian main tree species, the ozone risk was assessed in a basis approach and because the calculations do not reflect the health status of forests in Austria, the AOT40 concept was developed. METHODS: Three approaches were outlined and maps were generated for Norway spruce forests covering the entire area of Austria. The 1st approach modifies the AOT40 due to the assumption that forests have adapted to the pre-industrial levels of ozone, which increase with altitude (AOTalt). The 2nd approach modifies the AOT40 according to the ozone concentration in the sub-stomata cavity. This approach is based on such factors as light intensity and water vapour saturation deficit, which affect stomatal uptake (AOTsto). The 3rd approach combines both approaches and includes the hemeroby. The pre-industrial ozone level approach was applied for autochthonous ('natural') forest areas, the ozone-uptake approach for non-autochthonous ('altered') forest areas. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The provisional Critical Level (AOT40) was established to allow a uniform assessment of the ozone risk for forested areas in Europe. In Austria, where ozone risk is assessed with utmost accuracy due to the dense grid of monitoring plots of the Forest Inventory and because the continuously collected data from more than 100 air quality measuring stations, an exceedance up to the five fold of the Critical Level was found. The result could lead to a yield loss of up to 30-40% and to a severe deterioration in the forest health status. However, the data of the Austrian Forest Inventory and the Austrian Forest Damage Monitoring System do not reflect such an ozone impact. Therefore, various approaches were outlined including the tolerance and avoidance mechanisms of Norway spruce against ozone impact. Taking into consideration the adaptation of forests to the pre-industrial background level of ozone, the AOT40 exceedances are markedly reduced (1st approach). Taking into account the stomatal uptake of ozone, unrealistic high amounts of exceedances up to 10,000 ppb x h were found. The modelled risk does not correspond with the health status and the wood increment of the Austrian forests (2nd approach). Consolidating the forgoing two approaches, a final map including the hemeroby was generated. It became clear that the less natural ('altered') forested regions are highly polluted. This means, that more than half of the spruce forests are endangered by ozone impact and AOT40 values of up to 30,000 ppb x h occur (3rd approach). CONCLUSIONS: The approaches revealed that a plausible result concerning the ozone impact on spruce forests in Austria could only be reached by combining pre-industrial ozone levels, ozone flux into the spruce needles and the hemeroby of forests. 相似文献
524.
Summary. Soil organisms in direct and indirect interaction with plant roots affect aboveground herbivores, likely by inducing different
plant responses. We investigated the combined effects of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (in direct interaction with roots) and the endogeic earthworm Octolasion tyrtaeum (in indirect interaction with roots) on the performance of Brassica oleracea. Both earthworms and nematodes increased N uptake and shoot biomass of B. oleracea. Earthworm activity mobilized more soil N than litter N, and herbivory by nematodes tended to increase the microbial biomass
in soil. Only the structural class of sulphur containing glucosinolates was affected by the soil organisms. Earthworms decreased
glucoiberin concentrations in B. oleracea shoots. Glucoraphanin was affected by an interaction between earthworms and nematodes. 相似文献
525.
Christopher R. Ellis Heinz G. Stefan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1991,27(6):903-914
ABSTRACT: Artificial aeration is used to prevent winter fish kills due to oxygen depletion in ice-covered lakes. Conventional aeration by air bubble plumes and other techniques usually mixes the water column and produces hazardous open water in the ice cover. A non-mixing winter lake aeration system which creates a fish refuge was designed and field tested to oxygenate the water and maintain water temperature stratification in a lake such that no open water is created. The system uses a cascade aerator and has a design discharge and dissolved oxygen input rate of 85 1/s and 70 kg/d, respectively. Aerated water is discharged near mid-depth with minimum disturbance of the ambient water through a specially designed diffuser. The system was tested in a shallow 3 m deep lake of 17 ha surface area during two winters and was found to perform as expected. Significant photosynthetic production of dissolved oxygen under the ice-cover was also observed during snow-free periods. 相似文献
526.
527.
Martin Claussen Victor Brovkin Andrey Ganopolski Claudia Kubatzki Vladimir Petoukhov Stefan Rahmstorf 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》1999,4(4):209-216
We present a new reduced-form model for climate system analysis. This model, called CLIMBER-2 (for CLIMate and BiosphERe, level 2), fills the current gap between simple, highly parameterized climate models and computationally expensive coupled models of global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. We outline the basic assumptions implicit in CLIMBER-2 and we present examples of climate system analysis including a study of atmosphere–ocean interaction during the last glacial maximum, an analysis of synergism between various components of the climate system during the mid-Holocene around 6000 years ago, and a transient simulation of climate change during the last 8000 years. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of a computationally efficient analysis of climate system dynamics which is a prerequisite for future climate impact research and, more generally, Earth system analysis, i.e., the analysis of feedbacks between our environment and human activities. 相似文献
528.
529.
An Erratum has been published for this article in Journal of Organizational Behavior 26(7) 2005, 873. Previous research on the relationship between alternative employment opportunities and cooperation has neglected the distinction between evaluations and restrictions. Thus, one cannot analyze the relationship between attractiveness of alternative employment opportunities and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) under different levels of perceived ease of finding alternative employment. In a pilot study with N = 149 German employees, we confirm the proposed distinction with confirmatory factor analyses. Based on power‐dependence theory and rational choice models, we predict that under high ease the relationship between attractiveness and OCB should be more strongly negative than under conditions of low ease. In addition, we hypothesize that the interaction between attractiveness and ease should be greater for OCB than for task performance because task performance is exchanged in a relationship with an enforceable, binding contract, while OCB is voluntarily. Results from moderated multiple regression analysis on N = 86 German professional–supervisor dyads support our prediction for a negative relationship between attractiveness and OCB under high ease. Under low ease, we find a positive relationship between attractiveness and OCB. Moreover, there was no relationship with the interaction and task performance. Implications of the findings both for extra‐role and job mobility theory formation and research are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
530.