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541.
Medić Dragana V. Sokić Miroslav D. Nujkić Maja M. Đorđievski Stefan S. Milić Snežana M. Alagić Slađana Č. Antonijević Milan M. 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2023,25(2):1008-1018
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - To increase the degree of cobalt (Co) extraction, the process of the cathode material leaching was performed in a sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution... 相似文献
542.
William R. Herb Omid Mohseni Heinz G. Stefan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(5):1164-1178
Abstract: A numerical model has been developed to simulate the hydraulic and heat transfer properties of a stormwater detention pond, as part of a simulation tool to evaluate thermal pollution of coldwater streams from stormwater runoff. The model is dynamic (unsteady) and based on principles of fluid mechanics and heat transfer. It is driven by hourly weather data, and specified inflow rates and temperatures. To calibrate and validate the pond model field data were collected on a commercial site in Woodbury, Minnesota. The relationship between pond inflow and outflow rates to precipitation was effectively calibrated using continuously recorded pond levels. Algorithms developed for surface heat transfer in lakes were found to be applicable to the pond with some modification, resulting in agreement of simulated and observed pond surface temperature within 1.0°C root mean square error. The use of an unshaded pond for thermal mitigation of runoff from paved surfaces was evaluated using the pond model combined with simulated runoff from an asphalt parking lot for six years of observed rainfall events. On average, pond outflow temperature was 1.2°C higher than inflow temperature, but with significant event‐to‐event variation. On average, the pond added heat energy to runoff from an asphalt parking lot. Although the pond added total heat energy to runoff, it did reduce the rate of heat outflow from the pond by an order of magnitude due to reductions in volumetric outflow rate compared with the inflow rate. By reducing the rate of heat flow, the magnitude of temperature impacts in a receiving stream were also reduced, but the duration of impacts was increased. 相似文献
543.
Two sets of experiments on typical Class G well cement were carried out in the laboratory to understand better the potential processes involved in well leakage in the presence of CO2. In the first set, good-quality cement samples of permeability in the order of 0.1 μD (10?19 m2) were subjected to 90 days of flow through with CO2-saturated brine at conditions of pressure, temperature and water salinity characteristic of a typical geological sequestration zone. Cement permeability dropped rapidly at the beginning of the experiment and remained almost constant thereafter, most likely mainly as a result of CO2 exsolution from the saturated brine due to the pressure drop along the flow path which led to multi-phase flow, relative-permeability effects and the observed reduction in permeability. These processes are identical to those which would occur in the field as well if the cement sheath in the wellbore annulus is of good quality. The second set of experiments, carried out also at in situ conditions and using ethane rather than CO2 to eliminate any possible geochemical effects, assessed the effect of annular spaces between wellbore casing and cement, and of radial cracks in cement on the effective permeability of the casing-cement assemblage. The results show that, if both the cement and the bond are of good quality, the effective permeability of the assemblage is extremely low (in the order of 1 nD, or 10?21 m2). The presence of an annular gap and/or cracks in the order of 0.01–0.3 mm in aperture leads to a significant increase in effective permeability, which reaches values in the range of 0.1–1 mD (10?15 m2). The results of both sets of experiments suggest that good cement and good bonding with casing and the surrounding rock will likely constitute a good and reliable barrier to the upward flow of CO2 and/or CO2-saturated brine. The presence of mechanical defects such as gaps in bonding between the casing or the formation, or cracks in the cement annulus itself, leads to flow paths with significant effective permeability. This indicates that the external and internal interfaces of cements in wells would most probably constitute the main flow pathways for fluids leakage in wellbores, including both gaseous/supercritical phase CO2 and CO2-saturated brine. 相似文献
544.
Lars C. Larsen Kim C. Zambrano Helle Christiansen Almut Köhler Ulrich Karlson Stefan Trapp 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2001,13(4):227-236
In Axelved, Denmark, an abandoned gas filling station serves as a test field for phytoremediation. Laboratory studies accompany the project. The toxicity of fresh and weathered gasoline and diesel to willow and poplar trees was studied by use of a tree transpiration toxicity test. The correlation between diesel content in soil and decrease in willow tree transpiration (Salix viminalis x schwerinii) was highly significant (r 2=0.81, n=19). the EC50 (50% inhibition of transpiration) for the sum of hydrocarbons (HC) was determined to be 3910 mg/kg (95% confidence interval from 2900 to 5270 mg/kg). The EC10 was 810 mg/kg (95% confidence interval 396 to 1660 mg/kg). The results were verified with artificially mixed diesel and gasolinecontaminated soils and two willow and one poplar species (S. viminalis, S. alba andPopulus nigra). The degradation of radiolabeledm-xylene was studied with and without willows. The compound was readily degraded. Willow trees accelerated the elimination, but mainly due to the volatilization ofm-xylene. Model studies provided the result that biodegradation in soil is the fastest elimination process at the site, but it is limited by the availability of electron acceptors. The pollutants are almost persistent in the groundwater, but in aerated soil, 10000 mg/kg hydrocarbons at 1 m depth are degraded within 13 years. The main effect of willows on the pollutants’ persistence is that willows transpire water, lower the groundwater level and aerate the soil, hereby speeding up biodegradation. 相似文献
545.
In line with the aims of waste management, the handling of waste should hinder any damage to the environment as much as possible. There are a number of approaches for solving this action in practice, e.g. different treatment technologies for residual waste, from which the most favourable should be chosen. We have several different methods for supporting such choices. An evaluation of studies published in recent years that assess waste management measures has clearly showed that the impact on the environment alone is not a sufficient basis for decision-making. In most cases, the cost aspect is also of primary concern while the technical implementation and social aspects also have to be taken into consideration. In recent years a great number of assessment methods have been developed as tools in the decision-making process. However, the multitude of methods leads to different results depending on the methods, parameters and criteria of the research. The following paper will characterise the most important decision-making concepts, such as the Life Cycle Assessment, Product Line Analysis, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Scoring Model, etc. Examples will show how these methods can be applied to the issues of waste management. The conclusion will describe the current state of development for waste management applications. 相似文献
546.
Transformation of diclofenac by the indigenous microflora of river sediments and identification of a major intermediate 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which tends to be relatively persistent in the environment. Now, a fixed-bed column bioreactor filled with sediment from the creek Münzbach (Freiberg/Saxony) under aerobic conditions showed rapid removal of diclofenac in a concentration range of 3-35 microM without previous adaptation. The conversion of higher concentrations up to 260 microM was accompanied by conspicuously decreased turnover rates indicating a toxic effect of this drug or its resulting metabolic burden on the indigenous microflora. A major metabolite occurred transiently and was identified by NMR and MS to be the p-benzoquinone imine of 5-hydroxydiclofenac. Abiotic adsorption to the biofilm was shown to determine the further fate of this reactive product of 5-hydroxydiclofenac (aut-)oxidation. The apparent lack of a degradative potential for this compound as well as the failure to detect an enrichment of diclofenac-depleting microbial activity both indicate a cometabolic nature of diclofenac transformation. 4'-Hydroxy-diclofenac, the favoured transformation product of eucaryotic diclofenac metabolism, could not be identified. The ability to convert diclofenac was shown to be widespread among biofilms from different river sediments, but measured rates obviously do not correlate with the total microbial activity. In addition, application of sediments from locations exposed to communal waste water effluents did not indicate any form of adaptation measured as an increased specific diclofenac depletion rate. 相似文献
547.
Characterizing fish responses to a river restoration over 21 years based on species’ traits
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Stefanie Höckendorff Jonathan D. Tonkin Peter Haase Margret Bunzel‐Drüke Olaf Zimball Matthias Scharf Stefan Stoll 《Conservation biology》2017,31(5):1098-1108
Understanding restoration effectiveness is often impaired by a lack of high‐quality, long‐term monitoring data and, to date, few researchers have used species’ trait information to gain insight into the processes that drive the reaction of fish communities to restoration. We examined fish‐community responses with a highly resolved data set from 21 consecutive years of electrofishing (4 years prerestoration and 17 years postrestoration) at multiple restored and unrestored reaches from a river restoration project on the Lippe River, Germany. Fish abundance peaked in the third year after the restoration; abundance was 6 times higher than before the restoration. After 5–7 years, species richness and abundance stabilized at 2 and 3.5 times higher levels relative to the prerestoration level, respectively. However, interannual variability of species richness and abundance remained considerable, illustrating the challenge of reliably assessing restoration outcomes based on data from individual samplings, especially in the first years following restoration. Life‐history and reproduction‐related traits best explained differences in species’ responses to restoration. Opportunistic short‐lived species with early female maturity and multiple spawning runs per year exhibited the strongest increase in abundance, which reflected their ability to rapidly colonize new habitats. These often small‐bodied and fusiform fishes typically live in dynamic and ephemeral instream and floodplain areas that river‐habitat restorations often aim to create, and in this case their increases in abundance indicated successful restoration. Our results suggest that a greater consideration of species’ traits may enhance the causal understanding of community processes and the coupling of restoration to functional ecology. Trait‐based assessments of restoration outcomes would furthermore allow for easier transfer of knowledge across biogeographic borders than studies based on taxonomy. 相似文献
548.
Viktor Sjöberg Stefan Karlsson Anna Grandin Bert Allard 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(11):6888-6904
Contamination of the environment due to mining and mineral processing is an urgent problem worldwide. It is often desirable to establish a grass cover on old mine waste since it significantly decreases the production of leachates. To obtain sustainable growth, it is often necessary to improve several properties of the waste such as water-holding capacity, nutrient status, and toxicity. This can be done by addition of organic materials such as wood residues, e.g., compost. In this study, we focus on the solution chemistry of the leachates when a substrate containing historic sulfidic mine waste mixed with 30 % (volume) bark compost is overgrown by Agrostis capillaris. The pot experiments also included other growth-promoting additives (alkaline material, mycorrhiza, and metabolizable carbon) to examine whether a more sustainable growth could be obtained. Significant changes in the plant growth and in the leachates composition were observed during 8 weeks of growth. It was concluded that in this time span, the growth of A. capillaris did not affect the composition of the leachates from the pots. Instead, the composition of the leachates was determined by interactions between the bark compost and the mine waste. Best growth of A. capillaris was obtained when alkaline material and mycorrhiza or metabolizable carbon was added to the substrate. 相似文献
549.
Justyna Topolska Dariusz Latowski Stefan Kaschabek Maciej Manecki Broder J. Merkel John Rakovan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(2):1079-1089
Remediation of lead (Pb)-contaminated sites with phosphate amendments is one of the best studied and cost-effective methods for in situ immobilization. In this treatment, a very stable mineral, pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl, is formed. Several studies propose to improve this treatment method with the addition of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB). The effect of bacteria on solubilization of pyromorphite is unknown. In this study, the effect of the soil microorganisms on the stability of pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl has been investigated in a set of batch solution experiments. The mineral was reacted with Pseudomonas putida, a common soil microorganism. Dissolution of pyromorphite was enhanced by the presence of P. putida, resulting in an elevated Pb concentration in the solution. This occurred even when the bacteria were provided with an additional source of phosphate in the solution. Pyromorphite has been shown to be a potential source of nutrient phosphorus for common soil bacteria. Thus, the use of PSB in remediation treatments of Pb contaminated sites may have adverse long-term impacts on Pb immobilization. Conscious phosphate management is suggested for long-term sustainability of the in situ Pb immobilization by pyromorphite formation. 相似文献
550.
Hooman Latifi Bastian Schumann Markus Kautz Stefan Dech 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(1):441-456
Biological infestations in forests, e.g. the insect outbreaks, have been shown as favoured by future climate change trends. In Europe, the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) is one of the main agents causing substantial economic disturbances in forests. Therefore, studies on spatio-temporal characterization of the area affected by bark beetle are of major importance for rapid post-attack management. We aimed at spatially detecting damage classes by combining multidate remote sensing data and a non-parametric classification. As study site served a part of the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany). For the analysis, we used 10 geometrically rectified scenes of Landsat and SPOT sensors in the period between 2001 and 2011. The main objective was to explore the potential of medium-resolution data for classifying the attacked areas. A further aim was to explore if the temporally adjacent infested areas are able to be separated. The random forest (RF) model was applied using the reference data drawn from high-resolution aerial imagery. The results indicate that the sufficiently large patches of visually identifiable damage classes can be accurately separated from non-attacked areas. In contrast to those, the other mortality classes (current year, current year 1 and current year 2 infested classes) were mostly classified with higher commission or omission errors as well as higher classification biases. The available medium-resolution satellite images, combined with properly acquired reference data, are concluded to be adequate tools to map area-based infestations at advanced stages. However, the quality of reference data, the size of infested patches and the spectral resolution of remotely sensed data are the decisive factors in case of smaller areas. Further attempts using auxiliary height information and spatially enhanced data may refine such an approach. 相似文献