Fluid Mechanics of Biological Surfaces and their Technological Application

 A survey is given on fluid-dynamic effects caused by the structure and properties of biological surfaces. It is demonstrated that the results of investigations aiming at technological applications can also provide insights into biophysical phenomena. Techniques are described both for reducing wall shear stresses and for controlling boundary-layer separation. (a) Wall shear stress reduction was investigated experimentally for various riblet surfaces including a shark skin replica. The latter consists of 800 plastic model scales with compliant anchoring. Hairy surfaces are also considered, and surfaces in which the no-slip condition is modified. Self-cleaning surfaces such as that of lotus leaves represent an interesting option to avoid fluid-dynamic deterioration by the agglomeration of dirt. An example of technological implementation is discussed for riblets in long-range commercial aircraft. (b) Separation control is also an important issue in biology. After a few brief comments on vortex generators, the mechanism of separation control by bird feathers is described in detail. Self-activated movable flaps (=artificial bird feathers) represent a high-lift system enhancing the maximum lift of airfoils by about 20%. This is achieved without perceivable deleterious effects under cruise conditions. Finally, flight experiments on an aircraft with laminar wing and movable flaps are presented.     

保德河盆地莫里页岩的固态核磁共振特征

对怀俄明州保德河盆地莫里页岩的一组生油岩样品进行了固态13C核磁共振（NMR）测量。这项研究的目的是几CP／MAS13CNMR测量来监测由埋深引起的干酪根碳结构的变化。NMR测量样品的现今埋深为3000～11500英尺1）。由于总有机碳含量主要为（1～2）Wt％，在13CNMR测量中使用了大容量的样品旋转器。用HCI清洗样品能提高13C谱图的质量。干酪根的芳香度随理深的增加而增加，在深度超过10000英尺时，由于干酪根中残留的脂肪族碳很少，几乎不能再生油。结合NMR和生油岩评价数据，得到了氢聚散的估算结果。计算表明，约有20％的干酪根转化为烃类，由于芳构化和缩合反应，释放出足够的氢，而使产物稳定下来。     

荧光测定法直接分析海水中的酚

<正> 酚和酚的化合物可以拢乱生物过程,如生长(AMER & ALI 1969,SHARMA& GHOSH 1965)和发育(KORDYLEM-SKA 1980a,1980b).为进行酚对水生生物影响的研究,所以必须寻找可靠而重复性好的分析方法,以测定海水中单个酚类的浓度.已经报导了用高效液相色谱(OGAN& KATZ 1981),气相色谱(COUTTS 等1979,SUPELCO 公司1975)和分光光度法(KOPPE 等1977.OCHINSKI 1960)分析水中酚类,而这些方法由于需要花费时间萃     

地幔交代作用

<正> “地幔交代作用”的思想是由Bailey(1970,1972)明确提出的,用以解释与大陆内上拱及断裂区域有关的高碱性岩浆作用。从那以后,大量研究表明地幔岩石的交代变化是一种常见的现象,它可能对决定来自地幔的岩浆的化学及同位素特征起关键作用。本文拟综述这一概念的现状并总结地幔中交代作用的性质     

Analysis of the Henze precipitate from the blood cells of the ascidian<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Phallusia mammillata</Emphasis>

The Henze precipitate, a peculiar blue-green microparticulate obtained by lysis of the blood cells of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata (Protochordata), was investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis. The precipitate was collected from the Henze solution, an unstable red-brown product obtained by treating blood with distilled water, whose degradation yields a characteristic blue-green product. The microparticulates measured 50–100 µm in diameter and appeared irregular in shape. SEM examination showed smooth, roughly round boundaries. The microparticulate surface examined with AFM appeared as an irregular matrix formed by 70–320-nm-wide mammillate composites, including and embedding small (500–800 nm wide) crystal-like multilayered formations. X- ray analysis showed that the elements present in these same precipitates were mainly C, Si, Al and O. The microparticulate composition appeared close to those of natural waxes or lacquers, embedding amorphous silicates and/or other Si–Al components. The unusual occurrence of Si in ascidian blood and its role are discussed.     

应用 HCl-H_2O_2浸取原子吸收分光光度法测定地质材料中的 Sb、As、Bi、Cd、Cu、Pb、Mo、Ag 及 Zn

<正> 前言一个在地质勘探中用于测定九种元素的方法,已被定为美国地质调查所矿产资源评价计划的一部分。Viels曾提出过三个应用萃取体系的方法。但是,他应用的KClO_3-HCl浸取仅限于六种元素,因为Sb、Mo和As在溶液煮沸时回     

Enhanced removal of high-As(Ⅲ) from Cl(-Ⅰ)-diluted SO4(-Ⅱ)-rich wastewater at pH 2.3 via mixed tooeleite and(Cl(-Ⅰ)-free) ferric arsenite hydroxychloride formation

An advanced cost-saving method of removal of high-As(Ⅲ) from SO₄(-Ⅱ)-rich metallurgi cal wastewater has been developed by diluting the SO₄(-Ⅱ) content with As(Ⅲ)-Cl(-Ⅰ)-rich metallurgical wastewater and then by the direct precipitation of As(Ⅲ) with Fe(Ⅲ) at pH2.3.As(Ⅲ) removal at various SO₄(-Ⅱ)/Cl(-Ⅰ) molar ratios and temperatures was investigated The results showed that 65.2–98.2%of As(III) immobilization into solids occurred at the SO₄(Ⅱ)/Cl(-Ⅰ) mo...     

蛇纹岩——埃塞俄比亚锡达莫阿多拉砂金矿的一种可能来源

<正> 引言阿多拉(Adola)砂金矿产在埃塞俄比亚锡达莫省基布雷门吉斯特(Kibre Meng-hist)地区(图1)。该区多山,山坡陡峭,砂金矿是最近砾石和残留、半残留热带土壤(只是就地搬运)形成的。下伏于基布雷门吉斯特(阿多拉)地区的基底,是由三个主要的岩石序列组成的,它们被主要的不整合面和冲断层所分割。这三个岩石序列是,中部杂岩体的沃德拉群,由长石砂岩、石英岩和云母片岩组成,由变     

墨西哥湾外大陆架沉积物中磷的成岩控制

<正> 关于P在海洋环境中成岩作用的知识很重要,因为P是必需的微量营养素,常常是生物生长的限制因素。但是,由于P在沉积环境中的分配受很多地球化学变量的影响,因此,固