Distribution of fallout radionuclides (7Be, 137Cs, 210Pb and 239,240Pu) in soils of Taiwan

Depth profiles and cumulative deposition of four fallout radionuclides (7Be, 137Cs, 210Pb and 239,240Pu) were determined in presumably undisturbed soils in Taiwan. Inventories of these radionuclides in different areas correlate significantly with each other (except 7Be) and with mean annual rainfall, providing a necessary condition for the development of soil erosion studies in Taiwan. However, the data show very large spatial variability between and within landscape units, reflecting the steep topographic and meteorological gradients in the island. Thus, the application of fallout radionuclides to study soil conservation in Taiwan is expected to be a demanding task; it will call for dense sampling even at undisturbed reference sites.     

湖南鼎城农业旱灾脆弱性的变化及原因分析

农业旱灾的形成是降水不足或不均与农业生产系统脆弱性共同作用的结果,承灾体脆弱性的高低会起到“放大”或“缩小”灾情的作用,降低承灾体的脆弱性是抗灾减灾的主要和有效途径。选择湖南省鼎城区为研究区,发现在降水量及其季节分配相似,即致灾强度相似的两个年份（1988年和2001年）,粮食因灾损失量前高后低。通过建立包括作物需水亏缺指数、耕地的灌溉便捷指数、耕地平坦指数、耕地生产投入指数等7个指标的评价指标体系,分别对1988年和2001年该区的农业旱灾承灾体脆弱性进行评价。结果显示该区的承灾体脆弱性明显降低,分析其原因,发现作物结构调整（中稻播种面积比例的适当增加）、耕地条件和生产力的改善、利用灌溉条件能力的提高有效地降低了该区农业旱灾承灾体脆弱性,减小了粮食生产的因灾损失。为致灾因子相似、承灾体脆弱性不同会“放大”或“缩小”灾情提供了实证案例。     

洪家渡、东风电站在梯级开发中的环境经济发展影响

乌江是长江上游四大支流之一,水量丰富,流量均衡,平均比降大,是我国水能资源的一个“富矿”地区。从６０年代末开始,国家在流域内规划建设１１个梯级电站,其中的洪家渡、东风电站是乌江干流梯级开发中的龙头电站,其环境经济状况及成效将对其他库站产生较大的影响。为此,本文重点从其环境经济发展方面作有关的相关效应评述。     

中国自然灾害综合研究的进展

为了了解我国的灾情总况,研究多国自然灾害的总体特点和规律,提出了我国宏观减灾对策,为此,研究组做了量研究工作,本文从九个方面概述了中国自然灾害综合研究的进展状况。     

Carbon Productivity Analysis to Address Global Climate Change

Developing low-carbon economy and enhancing carbon productivity are basic approaches to coordinating economic development and protecting global environment, which are also the major ways to address climate change under the framework of sustainable development. In this paper, the authors analyze the annual rate of carbon productivity growth, the differences of carbon productivity of different countries, and the factors for enhancing carbon productivity. Consequently, the authors clarify their viewpoint that the annual rate of carbon productivity growth can be used to weigh the efforts that a country takes to address climate change, and propose policies and suggestions on promoting carbon production.     

用偏高岭石、铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰生产土聚水泥试验

以偏高岭石和固体废物铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰为基料,以氢氧化钠、水玻璃等作为激发剂,在室温条件下制备土聚水泥。通过正交试验,研究不同基料配比、激发剂、外加剂的不同加入量等因素对试条抗压强度的影响,并确定最优配方;同时通过SEM观察了土聚水泥的形貌并研究了土壤聚合的反应机理。结果表明:其最佳配方中铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰的质量比之和接近60%,7天抗压强度比标号为P.O42.5的水泥高5%;该土聚水泥呈层状结构,缝隙较小,结构紧密。     

李秉衡与清末兵灾赈济

作为清末督抚级重要人物,李秉衡在中法战争和甲午中日战争期间及之后都进行了赈济活动.在中法战争期间,他首先设立兵站,截留散兵溃卒,整顿军队,加强军需饷械的运输和管理工作;接着又创设医局,救治伤病员.战后继续救济流民和游勇,以工代赈修复镇南关和龙州,奖恤殉职官员.甲午中日战争期间,为保障战时供应,李秉衡多方筹集粮饷,解决兵民的生计问题;战后全力赈济灾民,致力于灾后重建;抚恤官员;重视安置游兵散勇;协赈其他灾区.李秉衡在清末战争状态下的赈济活动,乃晚清兵灾赈济的标本,是后人透视时代原貌的窗口.     

A numerical simulation model of cyclic hardening behavior of AC4C-T6 for LNG cargo pump using finite element analysis

This paper is concerned with the evaluation of cyclic hardening models within the stress–strain behavior of aluminum alloy AC4C-T6 that can be used to LNG cargo pump operating in cryogenic temperature. To insure the strength assessment of LNG cargo pump, material model of cyclic hardening and plasticity for aluminum alloy AC4C-T6 is investigated through FEA (Finite Element Analysis) with various hardening options including linear and non-linear hardening, isotropic and kinematic hardening, and combined hardening model. Monotonic tensile and cyclic tensile experiments for AC4C-T6 alloy were performed at room temperature and temperature of ?165 °C. Parameters of each hardening model are obtained from the experimental data; thus five hardening models are numerically simulated thereafter. Appropriate hardening models which describe the cyclic stress–strain relationship are investigated through the simulations of cyclic hardening behavior by FEA. In order to verify the predicted behavior of cyclic hardening obtained by FEA, the results of FEA and those measured by experiments are compared.     

Trace chemical partitioning in construction and demolition debris fines: process and market implications

Construction and demolition debris (CDD) fines, a residue generated from mechanized CDD recycling, can often be beneficially reused. Concentrations of chemicals of potential concern in CDD fines should be evaluated prior to being reintroduced into the environment to assess risk and make informed decisions about appropriate reuse opportunities. The distribution of trace chemicals in CDD fines as a function of particle size was measured to evaluate if concentrations in the bulk material can be reduced by removing certain particle size ranges through screening. Chemicals of potential concern, including arsenic, lead, sulfate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), were characterized in four different size fractions (19–4.8 mm, 4.8–0.84 mm, 0.84–0.3 mm, < 0.3 mm) of CDD fine samples collected from 12 US CDD recycling facilities throughout the US. Results revealed that aluminum, arsenic and chromium concentrations were distributed evenly throughout all four size fractions. As for the remaining chemicals, most samples had lower concentrations in the 19–4.8 mm size range. In some samples and for certain chemicals, removal of the finer size fractions reduced overall concentrations in CDD fines, suggesting that additional processing may be worth further investigation.