棉铃虫大暴发原因探讨

本文在简述我国黄河流域棉区1992年棉铃虫大暴发的概况后,较为详细地分析了大暴发的原因。指出生境、食料、天敌、气象及人工防治五方面因素的影响作用,特别强调食料和防治因素的重要意义。认为近年来棉铃虫食料种类增多、数量增大、质量提高、提供时间延长、取食更加方便是该害虫大暴发的基本原因。恰遇适宜的气象条件和人工防治不力(害虫抗药性强、治虫整体水平下降、夏玉米等晚秋作物弃治),终使棉铃虫建立起空前庞大的种群。     

震害预测中的场地因素调整

本文针对震害预测中的普通场地，讨论了与之有关的震害影响问题。基于ＧＢＪ１１—８９规范所给地震影响系数曲线，这里讨论并得到了不同场地的地震抗力调整系数。它们与一些经验或统计的系数相近，但与之比较，场地因素的调整作用增强。初步应用表明，这个结果更接近实际，且对工程选址和勘探有一定参考价值。     

CO2 sequestration utilizing basic-oxygen furnace slag: Controlling factors, reaction mechanisms and V–Cr concerns

Basic-oxygen furnace slag(BOF-slag) contains 35%CaO,a potential component for CO_2sequestration.In this study,slag-water-CO_2 reaction experiments were conducted with the longest reaction duration extending to 96 hr under high CO_2 pressures of 100-300 kg/cm2 to optimize BOF-slag carbonation conditions,to address carbonation mechanisms,and to evaluate the extents of V and Cr release from slag carbonation.The slag carbonation degree generally reached the maximum values after 24 hr slag-water-CO_2 reaction and was controlled by slag particle size and reaction temperature.The maximum carbonation degree of 71%was produced from the experiment using fine slag of0.5 mm under 100℃and a CO_2 pressure of 250 kg/cm~2 with a water/slag ratio of 5.Vanadium release from the slag to water was significantly enhanced(generally 2 orders) by slag carbonation.In contrast,slag carbonation did not promote chromium release until the reaction duration exceeded 24 hr.However,the water chromium content was generally at least an order lower than the vanadium concentration,which decreased when the reaction duration exceeded 24 hr.Therefore,long reaction durations of 48-96 hr are proposed to reduce environmental impacts while keeping high carbonation degrees.Mineral textures and water compositions indicated that Mg-wustite,in addition to CaO-containing minerals,can also be carbonated.Consequently,the conventional expression that only considered carbonation of the CaO-containing minerals undervalued the CO_2 sequestration capability of the BOF-slag by~20%.Therefore,the BOF-slag is a better CO_2 storage medium than that previously recognized.     

Human bronchial epithelial cell injuries induced by fine particulate matter from sandstorm and non-sandstorm periods: Association with particle constituents

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the exacerbation of respiratory diseases following sandstorm-derived particulate matter(PM) exposure.The presence of anthropogenic and biological agents on the sandstorm PM and the escalation of PM 2.5 μm(PM2.5)pollution in China have led to serious concerns regarding the health effects of PM2.5during Asian sandstorms.We investigated how changes in PM2.5composition,as the weather transitioned towards a sandstorm,affected human airway epithelial cells.Six PM2.5samples covering two sandstorm events and their respective background and transition periods were collected in Baotou,an industrial city near the Gobi Desert in China.PM samples from all three periods had mild cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B,which was positively correlated with the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and several metals.All PM samples potently increased the release of interleukin-6(IL-6) and interleukin-8(IL-8).Endotoxin in all samples contributed significantly to the IL-6 response,with only a minor effect on IL-8.Cr was positively correlated with both IL-6 and IL-8 release,while Si was only associated with the increase of IL-6.Our study suggests that local agricultural and industrial surroundings in addition to the sandstorm play important roles in the respiratory effects of sandstorm-derived PM.     

铜仁汞矿区土壤汞污染现状调查研究

为了进一步对废弃汞矿污染区的生态环境进行跟踪调查及科学的评价,2015年通过对铜仁市废弃汞矿区周围的稻田、旱田及菜地土壤汞污染现状调查分析。采用S型随机抽样方式,并使用原子荧光光度法对研究对象进行分析。结果表明:万山镇、云场萍及路腊村汞矿区稻田土壤总汞(THg)含量平均值分别为123.75、79.33、21.89 mg/kg;其旱田土壤THg含量平均值分别为:117.20、73.34、19.90 mg/kg;其菜地土壤THg含量平均值分别为129.40、81.78、26.50 mg/kg;且,万山汞矿区甲基汞(Me Hg)含量平均值分别为6.48(稻田)、4.80(旱田)、6.40μg/kg(菜地);云场萍汞矿区Me Hg含量平均值分别为3.73(稻田)、2.47(旱田)、6.40μg/kg(菜地);路腊村汞矿区Me Hg含量平均值分别为1.92(稻田)、0.87(旱田)、2.47μg/kg(菜地)。以上结果说明万山废弃汞矿区的污染程度高于云场萍废弃汞矿区及路腊村废弃汞矿区。     

中国雪灾及相关研究述评

雪灾作为自然灾害的一种,相对于其他灾种,发生的范围和频率较小。历史上发生的雪灾有记载的200多次,其中重大的上百次。学界有关雪灾问题的研究存在着很大的不足：一是有关研究大都包涵在自然灾害之中作为灾种的一部分进行简单论述,而没有单独作为一个专题进行更为详实的研究;二是近30年来,学界多从气象学角度出发,对雪灾的形成机制及原因等方面进行分析,而从社会学与史学的角度进行研究的成果极其少见。     

南方丘陵山区生态足迹动态变化研究——以建宁县为例

计算1997年—2005年建宁县主要年份的生态足迹,对该区的可持续发展进行了动态变化研究。结果表明：建宁县一直处在生态赤字状态,并且呈明显增加的态势,由1997年的0.991 1 hm^2上升到2005年的1.494 3 hm^2,增加了50.77%。建宁县的生态压力指数从1997年的1.953逐年增至2005年的2.391,同期的生态占用指数从0.88增至1.14。说明建宁县的生态足迹与生态承载力之间的矛盾正在加剧,生态系统退化,生态环境处于不安全状态,同时也说明该地区现有的发展模式是不可持续的。     

Natural radionuclide content in building materials and gamma dose rate in dwellings in Cuba

An extensive research project to investigate the radioactive properties of Cuban building materials was carried out because there is a lack of information on the radioactivity of such materials in Cuba. In the framework of this project 44 samples of commonly used raw materials and building products were collected in five Cuban provinces. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides were determined by gamma ray spectrometry using a p-type coaxial high purity germanium detector and their mean values were in the ranges: 9-857Bqkg(-1) for (40)K; 6-57Bqkg(-1) for (226)Ra; and 1.2-22Bqkg(-1) for (232)Th. The radium equivalent activity in the 44 samples varied from 4Bqkg(-1) (wood) to 272Bqkg(-1) (brick). A high pressure ionisation chamber was used to measure the indoor absorbed dose rate in 543 dwellings and workplaces in five Cuban provinces. The average absorbed dose rates in air ranged from 43nGyh(-1) (Holguín) to 73nGyh(-1) (Camagüey) and the corresponding population-weighted annual effective dose due to external gamma radiation was estimated to be 145+/-40microSv. This value is 51% lower than the effective dose due to internal exposure from inhalation of decay products of (222)Rn and (220)Rn and it is 16% higher than the calculated value for the typical room geometry of a Cuban house.     

复合絮凝剂在治理棉纤维生产废水中的应用

运用正交实验设计的方法，对化纤厂生产棉浆粕过程中产生的黑液，进行了絮凝剂各类和用量的选择研究。据此，可以为确定工艺中絮凝剂的投加量提供初步数据。同时给出了化学耗氧量（COD）和总有机碳（TOC）之间的线性关系方程。