晚清赈灾思想研究述评

近年来史学界对晚清赈灾思想的研究取得了长足进展,研究内容侧重于两个方面:官赈思想和义赈思想。官赈思想研究表现在某一人物的个体赈灾思想研究和群体赈灾思想研究;义赈思想研究主要表现在经元善的义赈思想和由官赈到义赈思想转型两个方面。总体来看,史学界对于晚清赈灾思想的研究取得了一定成果,但也存在诸如理论方法、研究内容、史料建设等方面的问题与不足。     

海上石油泄漏事故危害及其应急处理

系统地综述了海上石油泄漏的来源、危害、应急处理措施以及海上和海岸线石油污染的处理技术。目前海上石油泄漏处理技术仍以传统方法为主,因此,如何更加快速地制定和实施海上石油泄漏的应急处理对策,以及开发海上石油污染治理的新技术并进行推广应用,将是今后工作的重点。     

以聚羟基脂肪酸酯为固体碳源去除地下水中的硝酸盐

研究了可降解聚合物聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）作为固体碳源和生物膜载体去除地下水中硝酸盐的影响因素。结果表明,低温反硝化有较大影响,5℃和10℃时的反硝化速率分别只有30℃时的5%和13%。反硝化对进水pH有较强的适应性,在pH4.5-9.5条件下,反硝化速率介于11.2-15.8mg/（Loh）之间。pH为4.5-8.5时,出水亚硝酸盐的浓度相差不大。DO对以反硝化速率影响不大,当进水DO为0.9mg/L-5.0mg/L时,反硝化速率介于12.6-15.8mg/（Loh）之间,出水NO2-N浓度的最大值为0.15 mg/L。     

Association between tofu intake and serum polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the elderly Taiwanese

Age and gender are related to human dietary habits, which affect serum levels of dioxin-like compounds via body fat content. This study examined whether different dietary patterns and body fat content were associated with serum polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) concentrations for different age groups of Taiwanese subjects. In total, 1165 volunteers completed a semi-quantitative food-consumption frequency questionnaire for serum PCDD/Fs analysis. In the elderly (age, >45 years), a significant positive multivariate-adjusted association was identified between serum PCDD/F levels and sea fish intake. Additionally, consumption of tofu was negatively correlated with serum PCDD/F levels. This study also found a negative correlation between tofu intake and body fat content in the elderly. It seems that when elderly people ingested considerable amounts of soybean protein, such as tofu, they typically had low serum PCDD/Fs levels in relation to reduced body fat content and induction of metabolic enzymes. The relationship between tofu intake, metabolic enzymes, and serum PCDD/F accumulations warrants further investigated previously to recommend how to prevent PCDD/F accumulations via intake of soybean products.     

Resource competition between two fungal parasites in subterranean termites

Subterranean termites live in large groups in underground nests where the pathogenic pressure of the soil environment has led to the evolution of a complex interaction among individual and social immune mechanisms in the colonies. However, groups of termites under stress can show increased susceptibility to opportunistic parasites. In this study, an isolate of Aspergillus nomius Kurtzman, Horn & Hessltine was obtained from a collapsed termite laboratory colony. We determined that it was primarily a saprophyte and, secondarily, a facultative parasite if the termite immunity is undergoing a form of stress. This was determined by stressing individuals of the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki via a co-exposure to the virulent fungal parasite Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorokin. We also examined the dynamics of a mixed infection of A. nomius and M. anisopliae in a single termite host. The virulent parasite M. anisopliae debilitated the termite immune system, but the facultative, fast growing parasite A. nomius dominated the mixed infection process. The resource utilization strategy of A. nomius during the infection resulted in successful conidia production, while the chance for M. anisopliae to complete its life cycle was reduced. Our results also suggest that the occurrence of opportunistic parasites such as A. nomius in collapsing termite laboratory colonies is the consequence of a previous stress, not the cause of the stress.     

老化对污泥改良沙土吸附水中对硝基苯酚性能的影响探讨

以添加不同比例城市污泥并老化2年后的新疆沙土为研究对象,从有机碳含量及对硝基苯酚吸附能力2个方面探讨了污泥改良技术对沙土的影响。结果表明,模拟废水对硝基苯酚在沙土、污泥及污泥改良沙土中的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温式;与污泥和沙土单独老化过程(用于计算理论值)相比,混合老化后的改良沙土的性质发生了很大变化,当加入污泥含量为9.1%～50%时,污泥改良沙土中的有机碳含量比理论计算值减少了11.54%～29.02%;对硝基苯酚在混合老化的改良沙土中的饱和吸附量远大于理论计算值,但吸附系数却远小于后者,表明混合老化后表面吸附作用增强,而有机质的分配作用在总吸附作用中的贡献减小。     

事故树法在煤气发生炉环境风险评价中的应用

针对煤气发生炉事故特点,采用事故树分析法对其进行环境风险评价,从最小割集、最小径集以及结构重要性3个方面解释煤气发生炉事故的主要原因,根据基本事件的重要性,比较分析事故的预防重点,并提出相应防控措施和应急预案。事故树法能够全面描述事故发生的原因及其逻辑关系。     

强化混凝处理制革废水的优化研究

对皮革废水混凝处理的条件进行优化,分别采用FeSO4·7H2O和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺作为混凝剂和助凝剂,以COD、总铬和硫化物为指标,设计正交试验确定强化混凝处理皮革废水的最优条件并进行验证性试验。结果表明:当FeSO4·7H2O投加量为1800mg/L,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺投加量为7.5mg/L,pH为10,混凝效果最好,对COD、总铬和硫化物的平均去除率分别为14.92%、99.40%和99.71%。     

萃取条件对支撑液膜法提取有机酸的影响

采用支撑液膜法分离提取混合液中的有机酸,通过萃取工艺条件优化,探讨支撑液膜法提取有机酸的可行性。由疏水微滤膜组件、载体、有机溶剂和反萃取剂组成的支撑液膜体系可以有效实现有机酸的分离提取。气相色谱分析表明,当提取时间为360min、给液相有机酸浓度为20g/L、载体体积浓度为10%及温度为30℃时,总有机酸提取率可达79.3%,较好实现了有机酸的同步提取和浓缩。     

非质量氧同位素分馏效应研究进展

非质量氧同位素分馏效应(mass independent oxygenisotope fractionation)研究为一些重大地质科学问题的解释开辟了一条新途径。在简要介绍非质量分馏理论后,重点评述了非质量氧同位素分馏效应的研究进展,包括非质量同位素分馏效应的成因机制、氧同位素组成分析方法建立及其在环境地学领域的应用。并对非质量氧同位素分馏领域未来研究趋势作了进一步探讨。