壳聚糖季铵盐絮凝剂处理丁苯橡胶废水的研究

以壳聚糖(CTS)为母体,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)为改性剂,合成了壳聚糖季铵盐阳离子型高分子絮凝剂2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖(HTCC),以其对高岭土悬浊液的浊度去除率为指标优化合成条件,以HTCC分别与PAC及PAM复配,絮凝处理丁苯橡胶废水.结果表明,最佳合成条件为:质量比MCTS: MCTA: MNaOH =1:2:1.2、反应温度60℃、反应时间3h,在此条件下合成的HTCC对高岭土悬浊液的浊度去除率达96.46%;HTCC+PAC复配在pH6.0~8.0对丁苯橡胶废水的絮凝效果较好,出水余浊<2NTU,色度去除率达92.98%,COD去除率达32.0%;HTCC+PAM复配在pH5.0~8.9对丁苯橡胶废水的絮凝效果最好,余浊<3NTU,COD去除率46.0 %,且投药量小, pH适宜范围宽,优势比较明显.以HTCC与PAC、PAM分别复配处理丁苯橡胶废水可减轻后续生化处理的负荷,降低PAC、PAM的投加量,从而减小出水中残余铝和残余丙烯酰胺单体的含量.     

水培条件下秋华柳对重金属Cd的富集特性及光合响应

采用水培试验的方法,研究了不同Cd胁迫浓度〔ρ(Cd2+)分别为0、1、5、10和20 mg/L〕下秋华柳的生长、光合耐性及其对Cd的富集特性和转移能力.结果表明:①随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,秋华柳生长所受到的抑制程度有所增加.除20 mg/L处理组外,其余各处理组的耐性指数(TI)均大于70,表现出较高的耐性.②低Cd胁迫浓度(1 mg/L)下秋华柳具有较好的光合耐性,当Cd胁迫浓度达到20 mg/L时,秋华柳的光合系统才受到明显影响.③秋华柳对外源Cd的富集能力较强,随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,秋华柳所积累的Cd显著增加且主要积累于根部,表现为叶<茎<根.当Cd胁迫浓度小于5 mg/L时,秋华柳根部吸收的Cd向地上部分转移的效果较好.试验显示,秋华柳对于较低Cd胁迫浓度(≤10 mg/L)具有较好的耐受性和富集能力,可用于三峡库区消落带表层土壤Cd污染严重区域进行植物修复.      

Effect of iron addition on the performance of anoxic-oxic membrane process and biological phosphorus removal北大核心CSCD

In order to solve the problem of poor treatment of phosphorus in membrane bioreactor (MBR) with long sludge retention time (SRT), a ferric salt was added to enhance phosphorus removal; FeCl36H2O (Fe/P = 2.0) was added to the reactor. The removal efficiency of nitrogen, organic matters, and phosphorus in the MBR was investigated systematically. Moreover, this study focused on the membrane performance, the change of active sludge flora, and the effect of adding a ferric salt on membrane fouling before and after the addition. It was seen that adding the ferric salt could not affect the removal of COD and NH4 +-N and the removal rate of COD and NH4 +-N reached over 90%. However, the average removal rate of phosphorus was 52%, while the removal rate increased by nearly 40% after adding the ferric salt. The effects of adding ferric salts on the dominant bacteria and biological phosphorus removal of activated sludge were further studied. The results showed that the addition of ferric salt (Fe/P = 2.0) decreased the diversity of active sludge flora and relative abundance of some phosphorusaccumulating organisms and had a negative effect on biological phosphorus removal. The analysis of transmembrane pressure difference (TMP) recording revealed that the concentration of iron salts did not exacerbate membrane fouling. The results showed that the concentration of iron salts entering the membrane bioreactor would reduce the relative abundance and phosphorus removal efficiency of the activated sludge in the system to a certain extent, but it had no obvious effect on membrane fouling. It allowed the effluent to attain acceptable standards, especially with respect to phosphorus removal efficiency. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

An analysis of the developmental differences in Borneo’s Southeastern and Northwestern Coastal Zones

In this research, Landsat TM images were used to extract the land use information for Borneo’s coastal zones (0 to 35 km) during three time periods (1990, 2000, and 2010). Then, in combination with the DEM and shoreline types, the developmental differences under the influences of the geographical boundaries of the Borneo coastal zones were examined from such perspectives as the spatial distribution characteristics of the land development, sea-land gradient variation characteristics, and comparative analyses of the different regions. The results indicated that the geographic boundaries, as well as the different countries, had great influences on the development of the coastal zones. The regions with the most active development in Borneo’s coastal zones were mainly located in the estuary bay, onshore with land on both sides, and the near-shore alluvial plain with DEM?<?50 m. The northwestern coast zone showed relatively flat topography, and was close to an important international waterway. Therefore, the development in this area was found to be more intense than in the southeastern coastal zone, and which was characterized by a long developmental history. On one side of the geographical boundary, the development was also found to differ among the different countries. Malaysia was observed to be dominated by industrial plantations. Meanwhile, the industrial plantations, agriculture, and aquaculture in Indonesia were significantly increased, which was closely linked with the national economic policies. Furthermore, the development of Borneo’s coastal zones has led to vegetation degradation towards a constant inland development, plantation enlargements, agricultural development, and cleared and burnt areas, which have resulted in the land use transfer of 22,000 km² of forest land within the 0 to 35 km range.     

基于监测及Kriging方法的京津冀地区大气污染物暴露分布研究

为了实现充分利用已有环境监测站点数据进行人群精细化暴露评估的目的,同时解决某些待测人群社区周边无监测站点时数据的选择问题,以保定市作为大气高污染研究城市,基于现场监测和Kriging（克里金插值）空间分析方法,明确了在研究大气污染物人群暴露时,某一个固定监测站污染物数据的代表性问题.研究表明:对于大气中φ（SO₂）、φ（NO₂）、颗粒物及其组分,空气质量监测点位的代表性一般为5~6 km;对于φ（CO）、φ（O₃）和φ（VOCs）,它们在城市不同地区的空间分布更为均匀,空气质量监测点位的代表性范围更大.通过使用Radial Basis Functions（径向基函数,RBF）、Local Polynomial Interpolation（局部多项式插值,LPI）、Inverse Distance Weighting（反距离权重插值,IDW）、Kriging、Kernel Smoothing（内核平滑插值,KS）和Diffusion Kernel（内核扩散插值,DK）等6种空间分析方法对大气污染物浓度进行预测发现,Kriging方法对大气污染物浓度预测时可使预测值和实测值间的偏差小于10%,准确度最高.因此,在进行某城市某点位的污染物人群暴露浓度预测时,若该点位周边5 km以内有空气质量监测点位,则可用该点位的监测值代替;若5 km以内没有空气质量监测点位,则可基于最近监测点位的污染物浓度进行Kriging空间插值,从而获得该点位的污染物暴露水平.      

大型水生植物混合腐解对入湖河口水质的影响及适宜生物量研究

为探究水生植物腐解释放的营养盐在泥-水-植物系统中迁移规律以及冬春季衰亡期大型水生植物的最适生物量,在塑料通风大棚内,开展不同梯度生物量下多种水生植物混合腐解试验.选择冬季蠡湖-陆典桥浜河口区的水生植物为研究对象,根据实际收割规律,设定腐解试验的生物量依次为除根部以外总生物量的0%、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%,于2018年12月25日开展试验,共150 d.结果表明:①与恒温室内条件相比,近自然条件下多种混合水生植物腐解的前2个阶段具有长时性和持续性.②水生植物腐解致使含C、N、P元素的指标在0~30 d内快速升高,70 d左右达到峰值,100 d后缓慢降低直至稳定,整个变化过程持续近120 d,但植物茎叶未彻底分解,多数沉积在底泥表面.③泥-水-植物系统中,试验初期底泥以释放营养盐为主,30 d后以吸附为主;相关性分析表明,茎叶生物量与水体和底泥中养分浓度均呈正相关.研究显示,与其他试验组相比,收割后水生植物生物量剩余20%时更有利于入湖河口水质的改善.      

复合动力灾害条件下孤岛工作面区段煤柱宽度留设研究

孤岛工作面覆岩空间结构复杂多变,受开采和地质等因素的影响在开采过程中面临冲击地压、煤与瓦斯突出、自燃发火以及采空区突水等复合动力灾害。留设合理宽度的区段煤柱是确保工作面安全开采的关键,以陕西某矿特厚煤层孤岛工作面开采为工程案例,通过分析工作面覆岩空间结构,理论计算了工作面应力分布;采用应力动态监测等方法确定了该工作采空区侧向覆岩运动,并综合考虑冲击地压灾害防治、次生灾害控制以及巷道支护等因素,确定了该工作面区段煤柱的合理宽度为5~7 m。     

受限空间网状高分子材料抑制油气爆炸实验研究

为研究新型网状高分子材料对油气爆炸的抑制作用,搭建了狭长受限空间油气爆炸抑制实验系统,进行了油气爆炸抑制实验,通过对比是否按留空率规范填充抑爆材料所达到的3种工况,分析了爆炸超压值、升压速率、火焰强度和火焰持续时间等特性参数变化情况。实验结果表明:新型网状高分子材料对油气爆炸产生的最大爆炸超压值、升压速率和火焰强度有明显的抑制作用;新型网状高分子材料对火焰的传播有明显的阻滞作用,使火焰传播速度减小;当新型材料按照规范填充时,最大爆炸超压值和升压速率分别下降了84.36%和 39.18%以上,火焰被完全熄灭,并且距离点火端越远,抑爆效果越明显。     

化工过程定量风险评价进展及风险准则比较分析

为了研究化工过程定量风险评价进展以及对风险准则进行比较分析,通过梳理定量风险评价的发展历程,从方法来源、法律法规进展以及软件技术发展3个方面,逐一分析各国的发展情况,并结合英国、荷兰、美国与中国个人和社会可接受风险准则的比较结果,分析各国风险准则的异同。此外,阐述了德国和日本化工过程安全控制的准则内容。结果表明:我国定量风险评价技术起步相对较晚,但实施导则、风险准则的制定以及评价软件的开发,标志着我国定量风险评价方法理论体系的发展较为完备。     

农地土壤重金属Pb和Cd有效性测定方法的筛选与评价

作物重金属累积主要受土壤中重金属有效性的制约,由于土壤种类和污染特征的差异,目前尚无公认的有效态测定方法.为筛选建立适宜土壤铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）有效性评价的方法,本文选择重庆市4种性质差异较大的典型农地土壤：酸性紫色土、中性紫色土、石灰性黄壤和钙质紫色土,系统比较了氯化钙（CaCl₂）、醋酸铵（NH₄OAc）、盐酸（HCl）、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐（EDTA）和二乙基三胺五乙酸（DTPA）这5种化学提取方法与梯度扩散薄膜技术（DGT）对供试土壤Pb和Cd的提取能力,并以黑麦草为指示植物开展盆栽试验,探讨不同提取剂提取量与植物Pb和Cd累积能力的相关性,进而综合评价不同方法的适宜性.结果表明,不同提取方法对Pb和Cd的提取量存在明显差异：酸性紫色土和石灰性黄壤中以HCl-Pb提取态含量最高,中性紫色土和钙质紫色土中则以EDTA-Pb提取态含量最高;除钙质紫色土以EDTA-Cd提取态含量最高外,其余3种土壤则是以HCl-Cd提取态含量最高.考虑提取量与植物吸收量之间的相关关系,在相同类型土壤上,可选择除CaCl₂外的5种提取方法作为Pb的评价方法,Cd则是6种提取方法均较适合.在不同类型土壤中,EDTA-Pb提取态和DGT-Cd提取态含量与黑麦草地上部Pb和Cd含量相关性最高,相关系数分别为0.941和0.919,说明EDTA提取适用于不同类型土壤间Pb生物有效性的比较与评价,而Cd则以DGT技术最好,化学提取剂中以HCl较为适宜.