水质自动监测系统的质量控制和质量保证

本文针对水质自动站的质量控制和质量保证的要求,并依据国家老口水质自动站的工作提出一些看法和观点。     

湖泊蓝藻水华数字化预警系统构建探讨

构造湖泊蓝藻水华数字化预警系统是我国湖泊水环境管理的一个重要方向。本文探讨了构建湖泊蓝藻水华数字化预警系统的若干技术问题,包括：（1）数字化预警数学模式。提出需重视流域尺度的氮磷营养物和沉积动态输入以及营养物、沉积物对水生态结构动力过程的影响,建立非点源模型和湖泊生态结构动力学模型相耦合的预警数学模型模式;在此基础上提出了各种数学模型的可借鉴模式。（2）湖泊蓝藻水华预警监测技术。总结了常规水质监测的数据筛选方法,探讨了遥感技术和实时传输监测技术在水质监测中的应用模式,提出了实时监测和遥感监测需解决的技术难题和实现方法。（3）湖泊蓝藻数字化预警系统的设计。提出了数学模型系统、水质监控系统的网络化集成设计模式,提出了基于网络化地理信息系统的计算机应用软件实现模式。     

云南省生物多样性与生态安全形势研究

云南省以其得天独厚的自然条件孕育了丰富而又脆弱的生物多样性资源，然而外来物种入侵破坏了云南的生物多样性，威胁到国家的生态安全。分析了外来物种入侵、生物多样性及生态安全三者之间的关系，提出生物多样性资源是我国的核心竞争力所在，要将维护生态安全提升到国家战略高度予以重视，同时采取多种措施防范外来物种入侵。     

用喷射鼓泡反应器进行烟气脱硫

介绍了采用喷射鼓泡反应器处理烟气量为7 000~10 000 m3/h的软锰矿浆烟气脱硫中试试验。试验中,对喷射鼓泡反应器及系统的阻力进行了测定,考察了不同品位、不同液固比的软锰矿条件及系统连续运行时的脱硫率和锰浸出率。中试表明,在液固比为(2~3)∶1、矿粉粒度约为100目的连续运行条件下,无论是选用品位高的钦锰矿还是品位低的软锰矿,系统运行稳定,且脱硫率保持在90%以上,锰浸出率在70%以上。吸收液经净化处理后得到的MnSO4.H2O产品可达到国家GB1622—86标准。     

我国城市大气污染现状与特点

中国城市化和工业化的快速发展与能源消耗的迅速增加，给中国城市带来了很多空气污染问题。20世纪70年代期间，煤烟型污染排放成为中国工业城市的特点；80年代，许多南方城市遭受严重的酸雨危害；近年来，汽车尾气排放的NOx、CO及随后形成的光化学烟雾，使得许多大城市的空气质量恶化。城市空气污染影响着城市居民的健康和城市的发展。为控制空气污染和保护大气环境质量，我国政府已经实施了许多规划。本文概述了当前中国城市特别是重点城市的空气质量状况，描述一些主要城市空气污染物包括总悬浮颗粒、PM10、PM2．5、SO2、酸雨、NOx/NO2的特点。尽管采取了很多应对措施，但目前我国城市的空气质量依然不容乐观，文中还讨论了未来城市空气污染控制面临的问题。     

膜法海水淡化技术在玉环电厂的应用

华能玉环电厂4X1000MW燃煤机组生产用水全部采用经“膜法”海水淡化技术处理的淡化海水,该淡水海水具有较强的腐蚀性,对电厂脱硫系统产生一定影响,探讨了淡化海水对脱硫系统的腐蚀及应对措施。     

Ultrasonic preparation of nano-nickel/activated carbon composite using spent electroless nickel plating bath and application in degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol

Ni was effectively recovered from spent electroless nickel （EN） plating baths by forming a nano-nickel coated activated carbon composite. With the aid of ultrasonication, melamine- formaldehyde-tetraoxalyl-ethylenediamine chelating resins were grafted on activated carbon （MFT/AG）. PdC12 sol was adsorbed on MFT/AC, which was then immersed in spent electroless nickel plating bath; then nano-nickel could be reduced by ascorbic acid to form a nano-nickel coating on the activated carbon composite （Ni/AC） in situ. The materials present were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electro- chemistry techniques. The resins were well distributed on the inside and outside surfaces of activated carbon with a size of 120 ± 30 nm in MFT/AC, and a great deal of nano-nickel particles were evenly deposited with a size of 3.8 ± 1.1 nm in Ni/MFT. Moreover, Ni/AC was successfully used as a catalyst for ultrasonic degradation of 2.6-dichloronhenol.     

Mercury flows in large-scale gold production and implications for Hg pollution control

Large-scale gold production(LSGP) is one of the five convention-related atmospheric mercury(Hg) emission sources in the Minamata Convention on Mercury. However, field experiments on Hg flows of the whole process of LSGP are limited. To identify the atmospheric Hg emission points and understand Hg emission characteristics of LSGP, Hg flows in two gold smelters were studied. Overall atmospheric Hg emissions accounted for 10%–17% of total Hg outputs and the Hg emission factors for all processes were 7.6–9.6 kg/ton. There were three dominant atmospheric Hg emission points in the studied gold smelters, including the exhaust gas of the roasting process, exhaust gas from the environmental fog collection stack and exhaust gas from the converter of the refining process. Atmospheric Hg emissions from the roasting process only accounted for 16%–29% of total emissions and the rest were emitted from the refining process. The overall Hg speciation profile(gaseous elemental Hg/gaseous oxidized Hg/particulate-bound Hg) for LSGP was 34.1/57.1/8.8. The dominant Hg output byproducts included waste acid, sulfuric acid and cyanide leaching residue. Total Hg outputs from these three byproducts were 80% in smelter A and 84% in smelter B. Our study indicated that previous atmospheric Hg emissions from large-scale gold production might have been overestimated.Hg emission control in LSGP is not especially urgent in China compared to other significant emission sources(e.g., cement plants). Instead, LSGP is a potential Hg release source due to the high Hg output proportions to acid and sludge.     

黄河口及邻近海域溶解态无机磷、有机磷、总磷的分布研究

于2003年8月下旬对黄河口及邻近海域进行了十船连续同步27h采样调查,分析了调查区域的溶解态无机磷、有机磷、总磷的平面分布、断面分布、时间分布特征.结果表明,在调查区域内,溶解态无机磷浓度很低,而溶解态有机磷浓度较高(占溶解态总磷的85%以上),是溶解态总磷的主要组成部分.各形态磷的平面分布、断面分布均呈现出由河口向邻近海域降低的趋势,溶解态总磷、溶解态有机磷梯度变化较溶解态无机磷更为明显;潮汐对河口浅水区的各形态磷浓度影响较大,对邻近调查海域的影响不明显.     

空气污染与儿童呼吸系统患病率的相关分析

 在流行病学调查和空气污染物监测的基础上，研究讨论了儿童呼吸系统患病率与空气污染之间的相关关系，结果表明，空气中细颗粒物（PM_2.5）和可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）与儿童呼吸系统患病率呈线性正相关关系，其影响比SO₂、Nox更密切．哮喘明显受颗粒物、SO₂、Nox的综合作用的影响．未感冒咳嗽发生率明显受细颗粒物和Nox污染综合作用的影响．