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631.
Proliferation of Glycogen Accumulating Organisms (GAOs) accounts as one of the major bottlenecks in biological phosphorus removal systems. GAO outcompeting polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) results in lower P-removal. Thus, finding optimal conditions that favour PAO in front of GAO is a current focus of research. This work shows how nitrite can provide a novel strategy for PAO enrichment. A propionate-fed GAO-enriched biomass (70% Defluviicoccus I, 18% Defluviicoccus II and 10% PAO) was subjected more than 50 d under anaerobic-anoxic conditions with nitrite as electron acceptor. These operational conditions led to a PAO-enriched sludge (85%) where GAO were washed out of the system (<10%), demonstrating the validity of the new approach for PAO enrichment. In addition, the presented suppression of Defluviicocus GAO with nitrite represents an add-on benefit to the nitrite-based systems since the proliferation of non-desirable GAO can be easily ruled out and added to the other benefits (i.e. lower aeration and COD requirements). 相似文献
632.
Hydrogeochemical studies were carried out in the Penna–Chitravathi river basins to identify and delineate the important geochemical processes which were responsible for the evolution of chemical composition of groundwater. The area is underlain by peninsular gneissic complex of Archaean age, Proterozoic meta-sediments, and strip of river alluvium. Groundwater samples were collected covering all the major hydrogeological environs in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The samples were analyzed for major constituents such as Ca2?+?, Mg2?+?, Na?+?, K?+?, CO3 ???, HCO3 ???, Cl???, SO2 ???4, NO3 ???, and F???. The groundwater in general is of Na?+?–Cl???, Na?+?–HCO3 ???, Ca2?+?–Mg2?+?–HCO3 ???, and Ca2?+?–Mg2?+?–Cl??? types. Na?+? among cations and Cl??? and/or HCO3 ??? among anions dominate the water; Na?+? and Ca2?+? are in the transitional state with Na?+? replacing Ca2?+? and HCO3 ??? Cl??? due to physiochemical changes in the aquifer and water–rock interactions. The Ca2?+?–Mg2?+?–Cl??? HCO3 ??? type water in one third samples suggest that ion exchange and dissolution processes are responsible for its origin. Change in storage of aquifer in a season does not influence the major geochemical makeup of groundwater. Gibbs plots indicate that the evolution of water chemistry is influenced by water–rock interaction followed by evapotranspiration process. The aquifer material mineralogy together with semiarid climate, poor drainage system, and low precipitation factors played major role in controlling groundwater quality of the area. 相似文献
633.
Furquan Ahmad Ansari Altaf Husain Khan Devendra Kumar Patel Huma Siddiqui Shachi Sharma Mohammad Ashquin Iqbal Ahmad 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,170(1-4):491-497
In order to evaluate the exposure of the northern India rural population to polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) inhalation, indoor pollution was assessed by collecting and analyzing the respirable particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 in several homes of the village Bhithauli near Lucknow, UP. The home selection was determined by a survey. Given the nature of biomass used for cooking, homes were divided into two groups, one using all kinds of biomass and the second type using plant materials only. Indoor mean concentrations of PM2.5 and associated PAHs during cooking ranged from 1.19 ± 0.29 to 2.38 ± 0.35 and 6.21 ± 1.54 to 12.43 ± 1.15 μg/m3, respectively. Similarly, PM10 and total PAHs were in the range of 3.95 ± 1.21 to 8.81 ± 0.78 and 7.75 ± 1.42 to 15.77 ± 1.05 μg/m3, respectively. The pollutant levels during cooking were significantly higher compared to the noncooking period. The study confirmed that indoor pollution depends on the kind of biomass fuel used for cooking. 相似文献
634.
Raj Kumar Singh Manoj Datta Arvind Kumar Nema 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2010,15(6):549-567
In developing countries, several old municipal solid waste dumps (unlined landfills) exist adjacent to large cities, releasing
contaminants to the underlying aquifer, thus posing the hazard of groundwater contamination. These uncontrolled waste dumps
need to be prioritized in terms of the groundwater contamination hazard posed by them, so that necessary control and remedial
measures can be undertaken in a phased manner. This paper presents a time-dependent system for evaluating groundwater contamination
hazard rating of municipal solid waste dumps. The system is based on source–pathway–receptor relationships and evaluates the
relative value of hazard posed by a site over its entire leaching life, on a scale of 0–1,000. The system parameters have
been selected based on literature and expert opinions. The Delphi technique is used to derive the relative importance weights
of the system parameters. The proposed system is compared with six selected existing hazard rating systems. The comparison,
made by way of score range analysis, shows that the proposed system exhibits a much wider range of hazard scores for various
scenarios of site conditions, and hence the proposed system is more sensitive to varied site conditions. The application of
different systems to six municipal solid waste dumps located in four cities of India shows that, whereas the existing systems
individually produce clustered scores and return the same rank to more than one site, the proposed system produces significantly
varying scores and return different ranks to different sites. This demonstrates that the proposed system improves decision
making and makes a better basis for prioritization of municipal solid waste dumps for adopting control and remedial measures. 相似文献
635.
Munmun Chakarvorty Jayanta Kumar Pati Shiva Kumar Patil Swati Shukla Ambalika Niyogi Arun Kumar Saraf 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(5):2965-2978
The winter fog in India is a recurrent phenomenon for more than a decade now affecting the entire Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions covering an area of nearly 500,000 km2. Every winter (December–January), the air and surface transports in cities of northern India (Amritsar, New Delhi, Agra, Gwalior, Kanpur, Lucknow, and Allahabad) are severely disrupted with visibility reduced to <50 m at times. Since dust particles are known to act as nuclei for the fog formation, this study is aimed to carry out physicochemical characterization of the dust particulates accumulated during a protracted fog period from one of the severely fog affected cities of north India (Allahabad; 25°27′33.40″N–81°52′45.47″E). The dust-loaded tree leaves belonging to Ficus bengalensis and Ficus religiosa from 50 different locations between January 24 and 31, 2010 are sampled and characterized. The mass of dust, color, grain shape, size, phase constituents, and mineral magnetic parameters, such as magnetic susceptibility, SIRM, χ fd%, and S-ratio, show minor variation and the regional influence outweighs local anthropogenic contributions. The dust compositions show fractionated rare earth element pattern with a pronounced negative Eu anomaly similar to upper continental crust and further suggesting their derivation from sources located in parts of north and central India. 相似文献
636.
Vibudh P. Kesari Amod Kumar Parimal K. Khan 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(5):3115-3121
The ubiquitous presence of arsenic (a toxic metalloid) in our environment, particularly in our drinking water, is a serious health hazard of global concern. The present work deals with the assessment of arsenic toxicity through the analysis of induced sperm impairments in sperm head morphology and sperm count in mice at low exposures compared to the magnitude of response at high exposure levels. The animals were exposed to four doses of arsenic, ranging from lowest dose of 0.3 μg kg?1 day?1 (the human reference dose) to higher dose of 30 μg kg?1 day?1 for 15 consecutive days. The epididymal sperms were harvested after one spermatogenic cycle on the 36th day and were scored for the presence of any abnormality in their head morphology as well as changes in their count. Exposure to arsenic significantly induced, in a dose-dependent manner, increases in the frequency of sperms with abnormal head morphology from 5.12 % in control to 9.23 % in lowest dose group and 23.02 % in highest dose group. In contrast, the mean sperm counts in the epididymal wash were decreased from 6.05 million per milliliter in the control to 4.95 million per milliliter in the lowest dose group and 3.07 million in the highest dose group. The analysis of sperm impairments in mice was, therefore, found to be a highly sensitive assay to assess arsenic toxicity, exhibiting a marked male reprotoxic effect of arsenic even at its low exposure levels including the human reference dose. 相似文献
637.
Soumya Haldar Subir Kumar Mandal R. B. Thorat Sangita Goel Krushnakant D. Baxi Navalsang P. Parmer Vipul Patel S. Basha K. H. Mody 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(4):2231-2242
River Sabarmati is one of the biggest and major river of Gujarat that runs through two major cities of Gujarat, Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad and finally meets the Gulf of Khambhat (GoK) in the Arabian Sea. A study was conducted to evaluate the water quality of this river, as it could possibly be one of the major sources for filling up Kalpasar, the proposed man-made freshwater reservoir supposed to be the biggest one in the world. A total of nine sampling stations were established covering 163 km stretch of the river from upstream of Gandhinagar city to Vataman near Sabarmati estuary. Physicochemical (temprature, pH, salinity, chloride, total dissolved solids, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, phenol, and petroleum hydrocarbons), biological (phytoplankton), and microbiological (total and selective bacterial count) analyses indicated that the river stretch from Ahmedabad-Vasana barriage to Vataman was highly polluted due to perennial waste discharges mainly from municipal drainage and industries. An implementation of sustainable management plan with proper treatment of both municipal and industrial effluents is essential to prevent further deterioration of the water quality of this river. 相似文献
638.
K. R. Lallu K. H. Fausia J. Vinita K. K. Balachandran K. R. Naveen Kumar T. V. Rehitha 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(8):4829-4839
Intra-tidal variability in the transport of materials through the Cochin estuary was studied over successive spring and neap tides to estimate the export fluxes of nutrients and chlorophyll a into the adjoining coastal zone. The results showed that there was a substantial increase in the freshwater flow into the estuary following heavy rains (~126 mm) prior to the spring tide observations. The estuary responded accordingly with a relatively larger export through the Cochin inlet during spring tide over neap tide. Despite an increased freshwater discharge during spring tide, the export fluxes of phosphate and ammonia were high during neap tide due to their input into the estuary through anthropogenic activities. The significance of this study is that the export fluxes from the Cochin estuary could be a major factor sustaining the spectacular monsoon fishery along the southwest coast of India. 相似文献
639.
Manoj Kumar R. P. Singh S. Panigrahy A. S. Raghubanshi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(8):4971-4985
In agroecosystems, the annual carbon (C) inputs to soil are one of the most promising greenhouse gas mitigation options. Net primary productivity (NPP) provides the inputs of C in ecosystems that can potentially be sequestered in soil organic matter. In this study, we estimates the C density and accumulation rate in rice–wheat agroecosystem at four sites of Indo-Gangetic Plains and Vindhyan highlands through amalgamation of ground truth (GT) and remote sensing (RS) approach. In addition to this, we validated field-measured aboveground net production (ANP) with remotely sensed SPOT-Vegetation data. ANP of the sites ranged from 6.8 to 11.1 and 3.3 to 8.8 t-C ha?1 year?1 for GT and RS, respectively. Both estimates (GT and RS) were linearly and significantly related with each other (y?=?1.33x???5.82, R 2?=?0.93, P?=?0.04; where x?=?GT ANP and y?=?RS ANP). For the whole region, total NPP (rice?+?wheat) was ranged from 7.9 to 12.5 t-C ha?1 year?1. The C accumulation potential of the present agroecosystems was 9.1 and 1.9 t-C ha?1 year?1 in the form of ANP and belowground NPP (BNP), respectively. The aboveground C stock of agroecosystem allocated in foliage (7.8 %), stem (57.6 %), and grain (35.1 %). Survey about the fate of post-harvested materials indicated that aboveground portion of the crop is almost used completely within the year for different purposes including human consumption and cattle feeding. Therefore, only BNP and litter contribute to long-term C sequestration. Since agroecosystem has enormous potential to sequester C, better management of aboveground portion NPP of the crop may enhance C sequestration potential of agroecosystem. 相似文献
640.