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21.
Hong Sui Zhengtao Hua Xingang Li Hong Li Guozhong Wu 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(9):5774-5784
Petroleum ether was used to extract petroleum hydrocarbons from soils collected from six oil fields with different history of exploratory and contamination. It was capable of fast removing 76–94 % of the total petroleum hydrocarbons including 25 alkanes (C11–C35) and 16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soils at room temperature. The partial least squares analysis indicated that the solvent extraction efficiencies were positively correlated with soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, moisture, pH, and sand content of soils, while negative effects were observed in the properties reflecting the molecular size (e.g., molecular weight and number of carbon atoms) and hydrophobicity (e.g., water solubility, octanol–water partition coefficient, soil organic carbon partition coefficient) of hydrocarbons. The high concentration of weathered crude oil at the order of 105 mg kg?1 in this study was demonstrated adverse for solvent extraction by providing an obvious nonaqueous phase liquid phase for hydrocarbon sinking and increasing the sequestration of soluble hydrocarbons in the insoluble oil fractions during weathering. A full picture of the mass distribution and transport mechanism of petroleum contaminants in soils will ultimately require a variety of studies to gain insights into the dynamic interactions between environmental indicator hydrocarbons and their host oil matrix. 相似文献
22.
Yuan Sui Samir Droby Danfeng Zhang Wenjie Wang Yongsheng Liu 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(24):13956-13963
Significant losses in harvested fruit can be directly attributable to decay fungi and quality deterioration. Hot water treatment (HWT) has been demonstrated to be an effective and economic environment-friendly approach for managing postharvest decay and maintaining fruit quality. In this study, the effects of HWT (45 °C for 10, 15, 20, and 25 min) on in vitro growth of Fusarium oxysporum, in vivo Fusarium rot, and natural decay of melon were investigated. HWT inhibited spore germination and germ tube elongation of F. oxysporum. Protein impairment and ATP consumption triggered by HWT contributed to the inhibitory effect. Results of in vivo studies showed that HWT effectively controlled Fusarium rot and natural decay of melon. Correspondingly, HWT induced a significant increase in content of total phenolic compounds and lignin of melon. These findings indicate that the effects of HWT on Fusarium rot may be associated with the direct fungal inhibition and the elicitation of defense responses in fruit. Importantly, HWT used in this study had beneficial effects on fruit quality as well. HWT may represent an effective non-chemical approach for management of postharvest Fusarium rot. 相似文献
23.
Mobilization and plant accumulation of prometryne in soil by two different sources of organic matter
Prometryne is a selective herbicide of the s-triazine chemical family. Due to its weak absorption onto soil, it readily leaches down through the soil and contaminates underground water. Application of organic manure to soil has become a widespread practice as a disposal strategy to improve soil properties. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of pig manure compost (PMC) and lake-bed sludge (SL) on the sorption/desorption, mobility and bioavailability of prometryne in soil using comprehensive analysis approaches. Downward movement of prometryne was monitored in the packed soil column. Addition of PMC or SL decreased considerably the mobility and total concentration of prometryne in the soil leachate. Bioavailability analyses with wheat plants revealed that addition of the organic matter reduced accumulation of prometryne in tissues and increased plant elongation and biomass. These results indicate that the organic amendments are effective in modifying adsorption and mobility of the pesticide in soil. 相似文献
24.
25.
Yan Jiang Jane R. Frankenberger Yinghui Sui Laura C. Bowling 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(6):1501-1514
Subsurface tile‐drained agricultural fields are known to be important contributors to nitrate in surface water in the Midwest, but the effect of these fields on nitrate at the watershed scale is difficult to quantify. Data for 25 watersheds monitored by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management and located near a U.S. Geological Survey stream gage were used to investigate the relationship between flow‐weighted mean concentration (FWMC) of nitrate‐N and the subsurface tile‐drained area (DA) of the watershed. The tile DA was estimated from soil drainage class, land use, and slope. Nitrate loads from point sources were estimated based on reported flows of major permitted facilities with mean nitrate‐N concentrations from published sources. Linear regression models exhibited a statistically significant relationship between annual/monthly nonpoint source (NPS) nitrate‐N and DA percentage. The annual model explained 71% of the variation in FWMC of nitrate‐N. The annual and monthly models were tested in 10 additional watersheds, most with absolute errors within 1 mg/l in the predicted FWMC. These models can be used to estimate NPS nitrate for unmonitored watersheds in similar areas, especially for drained agricultural areas where model performance was strongest, and to predict the nitrate reduction when various tile drainage management techniques are employed. 相似文献
26.
研究了兼性厌氧菌群不同接种量(1%(体积分数,下同)、5%、10%、20%、50%)下对太湖湖滨带底泥有机污染物的降解效果及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,接种兼性厌氧菌群能显著提高总有机碳(TOC)、TN的降解率且降解率高,但是TP的降解率波动较大。补充实验证明接种菌液中大量的有机碳、氮源会引起样品中初始浓度升高,建议在使用接种菌液前进行3次无菌水冲洗。综合考虑接种兼性厌氧菌群对湖滨带底泥有机污染物的降解效果,确定其最佳接种量为10%。另外,接种兼性厌氧菌群后其菌群数量和菌活性都有显著提高而严格好氧菌、严格厌氧菌数量均无显著变化;第0天,微生物在接种量为10%时菌活性电子传递体系(ETS)最高。 相似文献
27.
采用截留分子量(MWCO)为5000 Dalton、1000 Dalton的聚砜超滤膜,MWCO为1 kDa的再生纤维素超滤膜;采用十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、曲拉通100(TritonX-100)、吐温80(Tween-80)、烷基多苷(APG)为表面活性剂,用胶团强化超滤工艺去除水中双酚A。研究了不同材质和截留分子量的超滤膜、表面活性剂浓度、膜操作压力、溶液pH和溶液中电解质等因素对该工艺的影响。结果表明,SDBS对双酚A有较好的去除效果,去除率在80%以上。在H+和Na+存在的条件下,双酚A的截留率增加,透过液中SDBS浓度降低。SDBS与非离子表面活性剂的复配可以提高双酚A截留率,降低透过液中SDBS的浓度,复配效果优劣顺序为Tween-80TritonX-100APG。 相似文献
28.
3种浮床植物系统对富营养化水体净化效果研究 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:7
研究了风车草(Cyperus alternifolius)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和富贵竹(Dracaena sanderiana)3种浮床植物系统对富营养化水体净化效果,试验共持续35 d。结果表明,在水温24~30℃条件下,风车草和菖蒲生长良好,生物量大,而富贵竹生长较差,生物量增加少;3种植物对NH_4~+-N的去除率分别为76.8%、85.5%和53.6%,对TN的去除率分别为69.1%、66.2%和54.4%,对TP的去除率分别为76.9%、84.6%和61.5%,对PO_4~(3-)-的去除率分别为91.7%、91.7%和75%,对真实色度有明显的去除效果;3种植物对氮磷和真实色度去除效果与对照之间均达到显著差异(P0.05),自然沉淀是浊度去除的主要原因,植物吸收同化作用是NH_4~+-N去除的主要途径,植物吸收是溶解性磷去除的主要途径。试验表明,风车草和菖蒲对富营养化水体中氮磷和真实色度有较好的去除效果,可作为富营养化水体治理的优良物种而推广使用。 相似文献
29.
用锯木屑作为吸附材料,0#柴油为吸附对象进行室内模拟实验,研究了木屑对纯油、水中浮油的吸附以及吸油后的木屑在水中的漂浮性能;并以木屑粒径、木屑投加量、振荡频率、油膜厚度为研究指标,设计了5因素4水平的正交实验,考察了各因素对0#柴油的吸附量、去除率以及木屑漂浮率的影响并对优化条件进行了讨论。结果表明,在实验研究范围内,木屑对水中柴油的吸附速度极快,1min即可达到饱和,饱和吸附量为8.08g/g;木屑在水中漂浮性能良好,静态时经72h漂浮,漂浮率维持在92%左右;振荡频率为150r/min时,72h内漂浮率维持在68%以上;最佳吸油条件组合为吸附剂粒径10~20目,振荡频率120r/min,木屑投加量0.7g,油膜厚度1.65mm。 相似文献
30.
多环芳烃在低氧沉积物环境中的分布状况 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
低氧环境普遍存在于底层水体以及表层沉积物中,随着中国水体有机污染加剧,低氧现象将越来越明显.有研究表明,中国水体普遍受到多环芳烃污染,由于其强烈的憎水性和低溶解性,大部分多环芳烃沉积在底泥中.总结了学者们对国内外河流、湿地、河口等水体沉积物中多环芳烃污染的研究成果,探讨了多环芳烃的分布规律,发现沉积物中多环芳烃含量与流域内经济发展状况密切相关,反映了经济发展过程对环境造成的负面影响.相比于国外典型区域的多环芳烃浓度,中国沉积物的多环芳烃污染处于中等水平,但处于快速上升阶段,部分点位浓度已超过生态风险区间低值(4 000 ng/g),对人们的身体健康构成威胁,所以对多环芳烃的生态风险评价、污染物排放控制需进一步加强. 相似文献