利用生态工程降低湖体含磷量的研究

在长春南湖实施了生态工程以降低湖体含磷量。 1 996年 ,通过收获水生高等植物和鱼产品带出湖体的磷量分别为 1 49 6kg和 1 89 9kg ,蚌体生长固定的磷量为 1 53 4kg ,三者合计 4 92 9kg ,与湖体每年纳磷量大体持平。实施生态工程后 ,水质明显好转 ,湖水中的总磷浓度逐年下降 ,浮游植物个体密度减小、种类数增加。     

水中有机磷杀虫剂的生物降解性和对微生物的影响

通过对三种有机磷杀虫剂(杀螟松、甲基1605、乐果)废水生物处理模拟试验和微生物呼吸耗氧特性试验,表明三者均可被微生物降解;三者对未驯化活性污泥微生物的生长有一定抑制作用,但对驯化培养后的微生物菌群的生长、代谢有促进作用。有机磷杀虫剂的浓度,pH值,菌种培养条件等因素对微生物菌群的生态演替和有机物的去除效果都能产生影响。     

石灰石湿式烟气脱硫工艺中添加剂的研究

石灰石湿式烟气脱硫工艺中使用添加剂 ,可提高脱硫率和石灰石利用率等。本研究应用旋流板塔处理模拟烟气 ,系统研究了几种无机及有机添加剂对湿式石灰石脱硫过程的影响 ,选出了适宜的添加剂及其添加浓度 ;得到了脱硫率与主要操作参数之间的关系 ,为工业设计和操作提供了参考数据。并对添加剂强化过程机理进行了讨论     

甲醛污染水的生物学效应

本实验研究甲醛污染的淡水和海水对细菌、植物和动物的生物学效应。甲醛的毒害作用是显著的。含0.036—0.36%甲醛的纯水能引起鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸缺陷型菌株TA100的回复突变,含0.036%、0.0036%、0.00036%甲醛的水溶液行短期(6h)处理紫露草花枝基部,24h休复后发现四分体细胞中微核率显著增高。含0.0018%、0.0036%、0.018%甲醛的水处理蚕豆根,引起根尖细胞中微核率明显增高。0.00018%甲醛的海水使马粪海胆幼虫在45min内死亡。0.0072%甲醛的海水使该幼虫在2min内死亡。0.0072%甲醛的海水能使贻贝担轮幼虫在5min内死亡。0.00018%甲醛的海水使贻贝幼虫在48h内死亡。0.000108%甲醛的海水使马粪海胆幼虫在72h内死亡。实验证明蚕豆根尖细胞和海胆幼虫是良好的监测淡水与海水污染的材料,甲醛能引起DNA中碱基对置换突变。甲醛在海水中产生增效效应。     

B.subtilis吸附Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的等温吸附平衡性能研究

从吸附动力学过程着手分析了生物体对重金属离子吸附过程的等温吸附平衡，在一系列简化条件基础上，建立了用于描述这一过程的等温吸附平衡模型。当n=1时，该模型与经典等温吸附平衡模型Langmuir方程具有一致的表达形式。采用最小二乘法求得理论模型中的参数值，针对含Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋3种重金属离子的废水，将枯草芽孢杆菌活菌体（Bacillus subtilis）作为吸附剂，进行等温吸附平衡实验．将已知参数的理论模型与实验数据曲线进行比较。理论曲线能够很好的吻合实验数据曲线的走向趋势，证明了该模型的合理性及可用性。     

间歇式活性污泥法处理味精工业废水的研究

研究了间歇式活性污泥法处理味精工业废水的操作运作条件，实验结果表明，采用非限制曝气进水方式为宜；在进水时间为1h ,反应时间为6h，泥水比为1，污泥负荷＜0.2kgCOD/kgMLSS,pH=6-7条件下运行，可高效降解废水中的有机物，COD的去除率达90％以上；废水中所含高浓度的硫酸盐对SBR处理系统无影响。     

我国四个港湾疏浚物石油污染

文中叙述了１９８８￣１９９０年间，我国４个港湾－大连湾、天津港、深圳湾及珠江河段各疏浚区疏浚物中油类污染调查及分布状况。文中介绍了站位布设原则，样品采集、样品处理、分析测试方法。进行了沾污疏浚物油类出溶出实验，认为油类溶出实验是估价疏浚物油类污染的程度的重要手段。讨论了４港湾疏浚物油类污染水平。大连湾海域疏浚物石油污染明显，珠江河段，深圳湾及天津港疏浚物稍受影响，基本上是清洁的。     

转化纤维素资源生成酒精的研究

研究了高温厌气的热纤梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum)转化纤维素物质直接生成酒精的过程,发酵产物除酒精外,还有乙酸、少量乳酸、H_2、CO_2和还原糖,还原糖的主要成份为木糖,纤维二糖和葡萄糖、诱变菌转化纤维素的能力与野生菌相比有明显提高,能发酵细小纤维、稻草和凤眼莲,酒精最大浓度可分别达4.0,3.2和9.3g/L。     

Optimum nitrogen use and reduced nitrogen loss for production of rice and wheat in the Yangtse Delta region

A long-term field and lysimeter experiment under different amount of fertilizer-N application was conducted to explore the optimal N application rates for a high productive rice-wheat system and less N leaching loss in the Yangtse Delta region. In this region excessive applications of N fertilizer for the rice-wheat production has resulted in reduced N recovery rates and environment pollution. Initial results of the field experiments showed that the optimal N application rate increased with the yield. On the two major paddy soils (Hydromorphic paddy soil and Gleyed paddy soil) of the region, the optimal N application rate was 225-270 kg N hm(-2) for rice and 180-225 kg N hm(-2) for wheat, separately. This has resulted in the highest number of effective ears and Spikelets per unit area, and hence high yield. Nitrogen leaching in the form of NO(3-)-N occurs mainly in the wheat-growing season and in the ponding and seedling periods of the paddy field. Its concentration in the leachate increased with the N application rate in the lysimeter experiment. When the application rate reached 225 kg N hm(-2), the concentration rose to 5.4-21.3 mgN l(-1) in the leachate during the wheat-growing season. About 60% of the leachate samples determined contained NO(3-)-N beyond the criterion (NO(3-)-N 10 mg l(-1)) for N pollution. In the field experiment, when the N application rate was in the range of 270-315 kg hm(-2), the NO(3-)-N concentration in the leachate during the wheat-growing season ranged from 1.9 to 11.0 mg l(-1). About 20% of the leachate samples reached close to, and 10% exceeded, the criterion for N pollution. Long-term accumulation of NO(3-)-N from leaching will no doubt constitute a potential risk of N contamination of the groundwater in the Yangtse Delta Region.     

The Adsorption of Lead and Copper from Aqueous Solution on Modified Peat–Resin Particles

Raw peat was modified with sulfuric acid, then mixed modified with resin to prepare the modified peat–resin particles. Using the batch experimental systems, the removal of heavy metals (copper and lead) on the modified peat–resin particles was investigated. The data of the adsorption isotherm could be fitted by the Langmuir equation well. The adsorption rate of heavy metals on modified peat–resin particles was very swift. The removal processes of heavy metals on modified peat–resin particles could be well described by pseudo-second order model. The adsorption rate of lead was affected by the initial heavy metal concentration, initial pH, particle size, agitation speed and particle mass. In the adsorption of heavy metals (lead and copper) on the modified peat–resin particles, ion exchange was the major reaction mechanism. Desorption data showed that the lead adsorbed by modified peat–resin particle could be desorbed by 0.5 N or 1.0 N HNO₃. The desorption rate was swift. The experiments indicated that the modified peat–resin particles have great potential for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.