酸化赤泥吸附环丙沙星的特征、机理及过程优化

为提高赤泥的资源化利用及抗生素有机废水的深度处理,以酸化赤泥为吸附剂、环丙沙星为目标污染物,研究了酸化赤泥吸附环丙沙星的条件、特征和机理.采用响应面法中Box-Behnken设计方法,以吸附温度、溶液pH值、环丙沙星初始浓度、酸化赤泥投加量为自变量,吸附量为响应值建立4因素3水平优化模型,确定了最佳吸附条件,并对吸附过程的动力学模型、等温线模型、热力学特性及吸附机理进行了研究.结果表明,溶液pH值、环丙沙星初始浓度、酸化赤泥投加量为影响吸附量的显著因素.酸化赤泥吸附环丙沙星的最佳条件为：温度45℃、pH=3.04、环丙沙星初始浓度29.20mg/L,酸化赤泥投加量3.40g/L,预测最大吸附量为7.30mg/g.酸化赤泥吸附环丙沙星的过程遵循伪二级反应动力学模型及Langmuir-Freundilich吸附等温线模型,经过拟合最大吸附量分别为7.90和7.35mg/g.根据Van Tehoff公式计算吸附热力学状态函数ΔG⁰为-82.13~-94.37kJ/mol、ΔS⁰为0.61J/（mol·K）、ΔH⁰为100.25KJ/mol,吸附为自发进行的吸热反应.FTIR表明环丙沙星分子中-COO与酸化赤泥的Al-O键发生络合反应,C=O与Fe-O键发生微弱的静电或内球面键合作用.研究表明,酸化赤泥是一种极具潜力的廉价吸附剂,可用于处理抗生素污染废水.     

基于Monte Carlo模拟的河流水质评价——以温瑞塘河为例

基于水质评价的综合污染指数（CWQI）法和水质指标实测含量的统计分析,应用Monte Carlo模拟方法,建立了河流水质评价的Monte Carlo-CWQI耦合模型并进行实例研究.通过建立的耦合模型和温瑞塘河流域14个监测断面2004~2010年的水质监测数据,定量分析各监测断面隶属于不同污染等级的概率水平和各水质指标对水体污染的影响程度.结果表明：温瑞塘河水系水质污染十分严重,勤奋、九山、东水厂、十字河、南白象、灰桥、新桥、米筛桥、仙门、光明、郭溪、瞿溪、西岙和梧田监测断面处于重度污染的概率分别为28.50%,0.55%,92.71%,59.73%,78.85%,39.38%,78.87%,83.09%,65.32%,78.08%,0.00%,0.96%,68.09%,86.06%;处于严重污染的概率分别为71.28%,0.01%,4.33%,39.76%,21.07%,60.59%,4.42%,12.41%,11.02%,21.24%,0.00%,0.02%,1.42%,13.12%.各监测断面总氮（TN）,氨氮（NH₃-N）和溶解氧（DO）的Spearman等级相关系数范围分别是0.41~0.76、0.25~0.63和0.14~0.66,是其他指标的2倍以上,表明影响该地区水质达标的主要因子是TN,NH₃-N和DO.本研究拓宽了河流水质评价的研究视角,能够为流域水环境管理提供丰富的决策依据.     

沈抚新城地下水中PAHs的污染特征及健康风险评价

为了保障浑河流域处于正在进行城镇化沈抚新城居民的生活用水安全,采集该地区49个地下水样品对16种US EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析,并对PAHs的污染水平、空间分布、来源与饮水健康风险进行了调查与评估.结果表明:49个采样点均有不同程度的PAHs检出,地下水中PAHs的浓度范围为(4.38~2 005.02 ng·L~(-1)),平均浓度值为(414.64±526.13) ng·L~(-1),与国内外其他地区地下水对比,处于较高污染水平.地下水中PAHs主要以3环和4环为主,其平均浓度分别为(190.93±238.96) ng·L~(-1)和(140.01±234.69) ng·L~(-1),两者占总PAHs含量的80%.枯水期的地下水中PAHs空间分布受土地利用类型影响较大,当表层土壤为耕地时,地下水PAHs浓度较大,而为林地时PAHs浓度较小.由主成分分析-多元线性回归结果得知,地下水中PAHs主要来源于汽油和天然气的不完全燃烧、煤炭燃烧、石油泄漏以及交通排放,其贡献率依次为36.26%、32.72%、28.17%和2.87%.不同人群通过饮用地下水暴露于PAHs的终生致癌风险ILCR值范围为5.55×10-10~5.65×10-6,其中13.60%的值处于10-6~10-4之间,具有潜在的癌症风险,需引起对地下水质量的关注.     

Pilot-scale experiments on multilevel contact oxidation treatment of poultry farm wastewater using saran lock carriers under different operation model

A pilot-scale multilevel contact oxidation reactors system, coupled with saran lock carriers,was applied for the treatment of poultry farm wastewater. The removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen as well as the elimination performance of CODcr and total nitrogen along the three-level contact oxidation tanks under six designed operational models were investigated. Based on the performance of the nitrogen removal of the saran lock carriers and the distribution of anoxic–aerobic interspace under the suitable operation model, the mechanism of nitrogen removal of the system was also explored. The results revealed that the intermittent aeration under parallel model is the most suitable operation model, while the removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 86.86%, 84.04%, and 80.96%, respectively. The effluent concentration of CODcr,ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 55.6 mg/L, 8.3 mg/L, and 12.0 mg/L, which satisfy both the discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding industry(GB18596–2001) and the first grade of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978–1996). Moreover, the mechanism for the nitrogen removal should be attributed to the plenty of anoxic–aerobic interspaces of the biofilm and the three-dimensional spiral structure of the saran lock carriers, where the oxygen-deficient distribution was suitable for the happening of the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process. Therefore, the multilevel contact oxidation tanks system is an effective pathway for the treatment of the poultry farm wastewater on the strength of a suitable operation model and novel carriers.     

Effects of typical algae species (Aphanizomenon flosaquae and Microcystis aeruginosa) on photoreduction of Hg2+ in water body

Photoreduction characteristics of divalent inorganic mercury(Hg~(2+)) in the presence of specific algae species are still not well known. Laboratory experiments were conducted in the present study to identify the effects of different concentrations of living/dead algae species, including Aphanizomenon flosaquae(AF) and Microcystis aeruginosa(MA), on the photoreduction rate of Hg~(2+)under various light conditions. The experimental results showed that percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)was significantly influenced by radiation wavelengths, and dramatically decreased with the presence of algae. The highest percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)was induced by UV-A, followed by UV-B, visible light and dark for both living and dead AF, and the order was dark UV-A UV-B visible light for both living and dead MA. There were two aspects, i.e., energy and attenuation rate of light radiation and excrementitious generated from algae metabolisms, were involved in the processes of Hg~(2+)photoreduction with the presence of algae under different light conditions. The percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)decreased from 15% to 11% when living and dead AF concentrations increased by 10 times(from 106 to 105 cells/mL), and decreased from 11% to ～ 9% in the case of living and dead MA increased. Algae can adsorb Hg~(2+)and decrease the concentration of free Hg~(2+), thus inhibiting Hg~(2+)photoreduction, especially under the conditions with high concentrations of algae. No significant differences were found in percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)between living and dead treatments of algae species.The results are of great importance for understanding the role of algae in Hg~(2+)photoreduction.     

2017年兰州市大气污染物输送来源及传输特征模拟分析

利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,结合兰州市AQI（空气质量指数）及常规大气污染物质量浓度数据,模拟研究了2017年1月1日-12月31日以兰州市为受点的大气污染物输送特征.通过聚类分析确定了抵达兰州市气团的主要输送途径和每类路径所对应的污染物质量浓度特征,并利用受体模型PSCF（潜在源贡献因子分析法）和CWT（权重浓度轨迹分析法）,分析了大气污染区域传输对兰州市空气质量的影响,探讨了影响兰州市空气质量的污染物输送来源和可能的潜在源区.结果表明,在影响兰州市的气流轨迹中,污染轨迹多来自兰州市以西和以北方向,污染轨迹约占总轨迹的39.52%,说明外部污染物的输入对兰州市空气质量具有重要影响.其中,第3类轨迹（对应来向为西）的气团对兰州市的空气质量有较大的影响,该类轨迹虽仅占总轨迹的15.21%,但其中污染轨迹数占56.76%,是影响兰州市空气质量的主要传输路径;第4类轨迹（对应来向为东南）的气团最为清洁.研究显示,对兰州市空气质量影响最大的强潜在源区主要分布在青海共和盆地、兰州市本地及周边区域,中等强度潜在源区为内蒙古自治区南部、宁夏回族自治区及甘肃省河西走廊等地区.      

Facile synthesis of Ag-modified manganese oxide for effective catalytic ozone decomposition

O₃ decomposition catalysts with excellent performance still need to be developed. In this study, Ag-modified manganese oxides (AgMnO_x) were synthesized by a simple co-precipitation method. The effect of calcination temperature on the activity of MnO_x and AgMnO_x catalysts was investigated. The effect of the amount of Ag addition on the activity and structure of the catalysts was further studied by activity testing and characterization by a variety of techniques. The activity of 8%AgMnO_x for ozone decomposition was significantly enhanced due to the formation of the Ag_1.8Mn₈O₁₆ structure, indicating that this phase has excellent performance for ozone decomposition. The weight content of Ag_1.8Mn₈O₁₆ in the 8%AgMnO_x catalyst was only about 33.76%, which further indicates the excellent performance of the Ag_1.8Mn₈O₁₆ phase for ozone decomposition. The H₂ temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) results indicated that the reducibility of the catalysts increased due to the formation of the Ag_1.8Mn₈O₁₆ structure. This study provides guidance for a follow-up study on Ag-modified manganese oxide catalysts for ozone decomposition.     

T型微通道反应器内气液两相流及气液固多相流模拟研究

微通道内流体流动及标量传递信息的获取一直是研究热点之一。基于CFD模拟技术,研究了微通道中气液两相及气液固三相的流动过程。开发了颗粒孔隙尺度网格处理方法,获得了微通道内气液两相流型随气液流速及气相入口尺寸的变化规律,初步分析了催化剂颗粒缝隙气泡的变形、破碎等情况,为微反应器的合理设计提供了指导。     

Global Warming and Global Dioxide Emission: An Empirical Study

In this paper, the dynamic relationship between global surface temperature (global warming) and global carbon dioxide emission (CO₂) is modelled and analyzed by causality and spectral analysis in the time domain and frequency domain, respectively. Historical data of global CO₂emission and global surface temperature anomalies over 129 years from 1860–1988 are used in this study. The causal relationship between the two phenomena is first examined using the Sim and Granger causality test in the time domain after the data series are filtered by ARIMA models. The Granger causal relationship is further scrutinized and confirmed by cross-spectral and multichannel spectral analysis in the frequency domain. The evidence found from both analyses proves that there is a positive causal relationship between the two variables. The time domain analysis suggests that Granger causality exists between global surface temperature and global CO₂emission. Further, CO₂emission causes the change in temperature. The conclusions are further confirmed by the frequency domain analysis, which indicates that the increase in CO₂emission causes climate warming because a high coherence exists between the two variables. Furthermore, it is proved that climate changes happen after an increase in CO₂emission, which confirms that the increase in CO₂emission does cause global warming.     

我国公众环境保护意识的调查与分析

本文根据一次大规模的抽样调查资料，初步分析了我国公众环境保护意识的现状，认为从总体上看，公众的环保意识水平偏低；公众的环境资源况颇具特色；在经济发展与环境保护之间出现明显矛盾时，半数公众能够优先考虑环境保护；大多数公众认为环境保护与个人有关，但对个人的努力信心不足；超过七成的公众表示愿意为环境保护支付一定费用，但对高收入阶层普遍寄予较高的期望；公众有一定的依法保护环境的心理基础，但法律知识又非常缺乏。